njinga yamoto yamagetsi, imagwira ntchito bwanji?
Zamkatimu
Kuchuluka kwa magwiridwe antchito ndikuyenda pa moyo wa batri, nthawi zina kumakhala kovuta kulipira
Palibe chithandizo chochokera ku mabungwe aboma polimbikitsa zamayendedwe "zobiriwira".
Mu gawo la magalimoto, gawo la magalimoto amagetsi lidaposa 1% pamsika waku France kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2015: limakhalabe kagawo kakang'ono, koma kagawo kakang'ono, komwe kakuyamba kukhazikika m'derali, chifukwa cha kutenga nawo gawo kwa osewera akuluakulu. makampani opanga magalimoto (Renault-Nissan, BMW, Mercedes, Kia , Volkswagen, PSA, SEAT) ndi kulimbikitsa anthu olowa kumene Msikawu udachulukanso kanayi pazaka 5 zotsatira.
Ndipo njinga zamoto mu zonsezi? Mu 2019 yokha, magalimoto amagetsi adaposa 1% ya msika wamawilo awiri (1,3% ku France mu 2020). Sitinafikebe pamlingo wa niche, kunsi kwa mbale ya galu. Izi zili choncho ngakhale kukula kwa oyendetsa njinga zamoto (BMW, KTM, Harley-Davidson, Polaris) ndi ntchito ya olowa atsopano (Zero Njinga yamoto, Energica, Mphezi ...). Dynamism masiku ano imachokera makamaka kuchokera ku scooters, kuphatikiza mitundu yakale monga Vespa yokhala ndi Elettrica. Apa tikulankhula zambiri zamitundu yosadziwika zaka zingapo zapitazo monga Cake, Niu, Super Socco, Xiaomi.
Ku France, pafupifupi zaka 10 kukhazikitsidwa kwake mu 2006, Zero Motorcycles amangogulitsa magalimoto 50 pachaka, Bruno Müller, wotsogolera ku France, adatiuza pa chiwonetsero chomaliza cha Paris Motor. BMW ndiye yokhayo yokhala ndi njinga yamoto yovundikira ya C Evolution, kugulitsa pafupifupi mayunitsi 500 pachaka, kupitilira zomwe amayembekeza ndi zoneneratu za wopanga waku Bavaria komanso kuchotsedwa kwa France.
Kuyambira pamenepo, palibenso sabata popanda kuwona lingaliro latsopano la mawilo amagetsi amagetsi, komanso mwezi wopanda mitundu yatsopano ya njinga zamoto zamagetsi.
Dziko la njinga zamoto nthawi zambiri limakhala losamala kwambiri kuposa dziko lamagalimoto, komanso, silisangalala ndi zolimbikitsa zamisonkho zomwe zimalola anzathu a 6300WD kuyendetsa mwakachetechete, mothandizidwa ndi anzawo (kumbukirani kuti kugula galimoto yamagetsi kumakupatsani mwayi wopezerapo mwayi. ya bonasi ya € 10, idakwera mpaka € 000 ngati mutachotsa zakale zomwe kudziyimira pawokha kwenikweni ndi ma charger sacheperapo ngakhale atakhala bwino chaka ndi chaka.
Ndiyeno pali funso la mtengo: njinga yamoto yamagetsi idakali yokwera mtengo. Mitundu ya Zero, yomwe mitengo yake yatsika kuyambira pamenepo, imayamba pa € 10 ndikukwera mpaka € 220 (kapena masauzande angapo ndi zosankha zachangu), pomwe BMW scooter ikuwonekera kuchokera ku € 17 ndi Energica kuposa € 990 ngati. ndi Harley Livewire. Chifukwa chake, tikiti yolandirira ndi yokwera, ngakhale mtengo wa ogwiritsa ntchito utachepetsedwa kwambiri. Zero Motorcycles amati mtengo wa "mafuta" ndi pafupifupi € 15 makilomita 400 aliwonse ndi njinga zamoto zomwe zimafuna kukonza pang'ono. Ah, mwadzidzidzi zimakhala zosangalatsa kwambiri.
Koma mwa njira, kodi njinga yamoto yamagetsi imagwira ntchito bwanji?
Injini
Kuti mumvetsetse momwe galimoto yamagetsi imagwirira ntchito pamafunika mfundo zingapo zofunika zafizikiki. Kodi mumadziwa kuti kutengera polarity yawo, maginito amatha kukopana kapena kuthamangitsana? Chabwino, ngati mukudziwa zimenezo, muli ndi zida kuti mumvetse momwe galimoto yamagetsi imagwirira ntchito: makamaka, ingoikani mbali ziwiri za maginito maso ndi maso, polarities yomwe ili mbali zosiyana: gawo loyima la galimotoyo limatchedwa stator. Pamene mphepo ikudutsamo, imakopa polarity yosiyana: imakhala pa axis, motero imayamba kuzungulira ndipo imatchedwa rotor. Ngati chonchi. Ndiye ndikwanira kuti rotor igwirizane ndi njira yotumizira: ndiye mphamvu yamagetsi imakhala makina. Apa muli ndi mphamvu zokwanira kuthamanga Magic Mixer Super Blender kuchokera ku Télé-Achat ("inde Maryse, chifukwa cha zida zake za 320 mutha kupanga kaloti wonyezimira komanso makeke okoma a mkaka" / "Zabwino, Pierre ndi zonsezi ndi ndalama zochepa chabe za 199,99 euros, ndi thupi la bonasi yophunzitsira ") kapena, chabwino, kusuntha galimotoyo. Ife tiri kumeneko.
Papepala, galimoto yamagetsi imakhala ndi ubwino wambiri: magawo ochepa osuntha, kuchepetsa kukangana kwamakina (ndipo chifukwa chake "kuwonongeka kwa mphamvu" kumakhala kochepa, palibe madzi amkati (ndipo chifukwa chake palibe zotayira kapena zowonongeka), kuchepetsa kuziziritsa zosowa (ena amasangalala ndi malo awo) mpweya ndipo, choncho, komanso safuna zovuta madzi kuzirala), osatchula chinthu chachikulu: palibe kuphulika mkati, palibe kuipitsa, lalikulu ntchito chete chete ndi makokedwe pazipita pa liwiro otsika kasinthasintha. Kuphweka kwa mapangidwe ake kumatsimikiziranso kulimba kwambiri. Mosiyana ndi injini yoyatsira mkati, mota yamagetsi siyenera kutenthedwa: mutha kudumpha panjinga yamoto, kuyatsa gasi! Pomaliza, ma watts ... (inde, nthabwala iyi imayamwa, koma ndimayenera kuyiyika penapake ...).
Tsopano tiyeni tibwerere mmbuyo: kodi tikudyetsa chiyani, injini iyi?
Mabatire: m'malo Li-Ion kapena Ni-Mh?
Mosiyana ndi magalimoto owala osakanizidwa monga Toyota Prius, mabatire a njinga yamoto yamagetsi amaperekedwa. Choncho, izi zili ndi zotsatira ziwiri: kuthekera kwawo kuyenera kukhala kwakukulu, ndipo teknoloji yawo imakhalanso yosiyana.
Mabatire omwe amatha kuchangidwa nthawi zambiri lithiamu ion (Lithium-ion) teknoloji, yamphamvu katatu pa voliyumu yomweyi (komanso yokwera mtengo kwambiri) kuposa teknoloji yachiwiri, nickel metal hydride (Ndi-Mh). Energica ili ndi mabatire a lithiamu polima. Mabatire a lithiamu-ion amakhalanso ndi kukumbukira kochepa, chifukwa chake amakhala okhazikika pakapita nthawi. Chifukwa chake, Zero amalonjeza makilomita opitilira 300 ndikusunga osachepera 000% ya mphamvu ya batri. Kumbali ina, kuopsa kwa maulendo afupikitsa kumakhala kwakukulu ndi Li-Ion: motero makina ovuta kwambiri, omwe ali olemera kwambiri komanso okwera mtengo.
Zotsatira zake, kafukufuku amachulukitsidwa pamlingo wa batri kuti ukhale wokulirapo komanso mophatikizana komanso ndi zitsulo zochepa zosowa.
Choncho, ntchito ya galimoto yamagetsi imadalira mphamvu ya injini, komanso mphamvu ya mabatire kuti iwonetsetse kuti ntchitoyi ikusungidwa kwa nthawi yayitali, ndi osiyanasiyana.
Masiku ano, mphamvu ya batire ya BMW C Evolution scooter ndi 11 kWh, pomwe mtundu wa Zero umatengera magalimoto kuyambira 3,3 mpaka 13 kWh. Ndi Energica yokha yomwe ili ndi batri ya 21,5 kWh.
Chinthu china: kulemera. Choncho, BMW zimatsimikizira makilomita zana osiyanasiyana kwa njinga yamoto yovundikira ake (amene akulemera makilogalamu 265), pamene Zero akhoza kuyenda kuchokera pazipita makilomita 66 (mu 2015 kwa FX ZF3.3 yaying'ono FX ZF112, kulemera makilogalamu 312 okha) mpaka 13.0 km (DS ndi DSR ZF80 ndi Power Tank, batire yowonjezera yomwe imabweretsa matembenuzidwe onse a Enduro kapena Supermoto sakanakhoza kufika patali kwambiri ndi mabatire a 7 kWh. Mphindi 2,6 za skating- paki ndi hops Koma ndizowona kuti womalizayo adayenera kukhalabe wopepuka momwe angathere. "Energica" akulengeza 400 makilomita osiyanasiyana (m'mizinda), koma kwenikweni ife m'malo mozungulira 180 makilomita, amene akadali oposa makumi a makilomita zaka zingapo zapitazo. Masiku ano, galimoto yamagetsi yamawiro awiri imatha kupitirira mtunda wa makilomita 100.
Koma apa ndipamene equation imakhala yachinyengo, chifukwa muyenera kuyika cholozera chanu mwanzeru pakati pa mabatire akuluakulu ndi kulemera kochepa, podziwa kuti kulemera kukuwononga batire ... Si zophweka. Mulimonsemo, titha kuganiza kale za 13 kWh Zero Motorcycles DS ndi DSR kukhala zolemekezeka kwambiri, ngakhale pafupifupi mtengo wake! Kuyika zinthu moyenera, dziwani kuti BMW X5 40th (Plug-in Hybrid) ili ndi 9,2 kWh ya mabatire, yomwe imalola kuti SUV yayikuluyi ya 2,2 ton SUV kuyenda mozungulira makilomita makumi atatu munjira zonse zamagetsi; Nissan Leaf ya 2016 ili ndi 30 kWh, imati ma 250 km osiyanasiyana ndipo imayenda 200 km zenizeni.
Kubwezeretsanso
Batire imakhala ndi mabatire / ma cell ambiri. Zero ndi 128. Akayamba kulipira mokwanira, nthawi zambiri kuzungulira 85%, BMS (Battery Management System) imatulutsa ma electron. Ndipo ma cell akachuluka, m’pamenenso amatenga nthawi yaitali kuti asanjidwe kuti awatumize pamalo oyenera. Zotsatira zake, batire imatenga nthawi yayitali kuti iwonjezerenso pagawo lomaliza. Ichi ndichifukwa chake opanga ena amalankhula zambiri za nthawi yolipiritsa pafupifupi 80%.
Chifukwa kulipira nthawi ndi nkhani ina ndi magalimoto amagetsi. Chifukwa mtengo wa batri umatenga nthawi yayitali. Mwina kudya kuwombola dongosolo monga plug ndi kuseweramonga akavalo anasintha mu Middle Ages Post relay. Ena akugwira kale ntchito pa izi ndikupereka malingaliro monga zitsanzo za Gogoro kapena Silence, koma palibe yankho lomwe limapezeka pakanthawi kochepa.
Kulipira mu netiweki
Chifukwa chake, pakalibe chosinthira mwachangu, muyenera kulipiritsa batire pama mains. Mavuto apa ndi osavuta komanso okhudzana ndi kusanja kwa mphamvu zomwe zikubwera komanso zotuluka. Pa khoma lokhazikika m'nyumba mwanu, ndizomvetsa chisoni kuti mafunde ndi otsika kwambiri: choncho werengerani kuchuluka kwa 1,8 kWh kapena maola angapo othamanga malinga ndi mphamvu ya batri ndi chojambulira. Chifukwa chake batire ya 5,6kWh yokhala ndi charger ya 600W imafuna maola 9 akuchapira, koma ndikofunikira kuti iwunikidwe ndi katswiri wamagetsi chifukwa iyenera kuyenda kwa maola ambiri ndipo muyenera kupewedwa kuti musatenthedwe.
Kulipira pa ma terminal
Ma terminal amtundu wa 3 (kalembedwe ka Autolib) ali ndi zowonera patali ndipo amatha kuyenda mpaka 3,7 kWh. Pomaliza, ma terminals othamanga a Tesla ndi ma supercharger amatha kulipira mpaka 50 kWh. Njinga zamoto zambiri, kumbali ina, zilibe zida zovomera malo ogulitsira kwambiriwa (kupatula Energica yokhala ndi CCS socket). Komabe, monga ndi Zero, angagwiritse ntchito "Charge Tank" chowonjezera, chomwe chimakhala ngati amplifier ndikulipiritsa chitsanzo cha 13 kWh pafupifupi maola atatu ndi chitsanzo cha 3 kWh pafupifupi maola awiri.
M'magalimoto, opanga ena amathandizira makasitomala kukonzekeretsa malo othamangitsira mwachangu kunyumba ndipo nthawi zina amasangalala ndi chithandizo chonsecho. Pakali pano, njinga yamoto sapereka chilichonse chofanana, koma ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti pa July 12, 2011, lamulo la "ufulu wopha nsomba" mu condominiums linaperekedwa: ngati mmodzi wa eni ake akufunsira kukhazikitsidwa kwa soketi yolipirira pamalo oimikapo magalimoto kapena gawo wamba, sangakanidwe (pa akaunti yanu).
Luxury ndi space...
Kuyambira Sanali wokondwa konse 1899 (galimoto yoyamba kupitirira 100 Km / h inali kale galimoto yamagetsi), vuto la magalimoto amagetsi linali losavuta: timamatira mabatire pansi chifukwa pali malo kale, ndipo amaumitsa lonse ndiyeno tikhoza kudzaza. iwo. Pa njinga zamoto, vuto ndi lovuta kwambiri, choncho vuto la mainjiniya ndilokwanira zonse mu malo omwe alipo pa njinga yamoto, makamaka (kuseka kwambiri, kumeneko) kochepa.
Okonza amakhalanso ndi gawo lothandizira pophatikiza mabatire osawoneka bwinowa. Monga Brammo, Zero yoyamba imawoneka ngati mafiriji amawilo okhala ndi mabatire osaphatikizidwa bwino, koma zinthu zasintha kuyambira pamenepo. Mwachitsanzo, Harley-Davidson Livewire ndiyabwino kubisa masewera ake komanso Mphamvu ya Ego RS +. Pakalipano, njinga zamoto zamagetsi zikuyenda kutali ndi mafashoni amawilo, monga momwe zinalili pachiyambi. Ukadaulo wamakono umakupatsaninso mwayi wowunika kuchuluka kwa ndalama kapena kuyikonza pogwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu pa smartphone yanu. Zonsezi zimakupatsani mwayi wopeza njinga yamoto, kuyang'anira momwe imagwiritsidwira ntchito paulendo uliwonse ndikudziyimira pawokha munthawi yeniyeni.
Choncho, chifukwa cha chitukuko chake, njinga zamoto zamagetsi ziyenera kudalira chitukuko cha zomangamanga, zomwe zingathandize kuti demokalase ikhale yotsika mtengo komanso yotsika mtengo. Ichi ndiye tanthauzo la ntchito ya GEME, gulu la njinga zamoto zamagetsi ku Europe, lomwe lidzakhalepo pa EVER yotsatira ku Monaco.
