Mbali ziwiri za ndalama zimagwedezeka pa chingwe chimodzi

Albert Einstein sanathe kupanga chiphunzitso chogwirizana chomwe chinafotokozera dziko lonse mu dongosolo limodzi logwirizana. M’kupita kwa zaka zana, ofufuza anaphatikiza mphamvu zitatu mwa zinayi zodziŵika za mphamvu zakuthupi kukhala zimene anazitcha Standard Model. Komabe, patsala mphamvu yachinayi, mphamvu yokoka, yomwe sikugwirizana kwenikweni ndi chinsinsi ichi.

Kapena mwina?

Chifukwa cha zomwe zapezedwa ndi zomaliza za akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo omwe amagwirizana ndi American Princeton University yotchuka, tsopano pali mthunzi wa mwayi wogwirizanitsa malingaliro a Einstein ndi dziko lazinthu zoyamba, zomwe zimayendetsedwa ndi quantum mechanics.

Ngakhale kuti sichinali "chiphunzitso cha chirichonse", ntchito yomwe inachitika zaka zoposa makumi awiri zapitazo ndipo ikuwonjezeredwabe, imasonyeza masamu odabwitsa. Lingaliro la Einstein la mphamvu yokoka ndi madera ena afizikiki - makamaka ndi zochitika za subatomic.

Zonse zidayamba ndi mapazi omwe adapezeka m'ma 90s Igor Klebanov, pulofesa wa physics ku Princeton. Ngakhale kuti tiyenera kupita mozama, m'ma 70s, pamene asayansi anaphunzira tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono totchedwa subatomic particles. quarks.

Akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo anaona kuti n’zosadabwitsa kuti ngakhale mapulotoniwo atawombana ndi mphamvu zochuluka bwanji, ma quarkwo sakanathaŵa—nthawi zonse ankakhala m’kati mwa mapulotoniwo.

Mmodzi mwa omwe adagwira nawo ntchitoyi anali Alexander Polyakovkomanso pulofesa wa physics ku Princeton. Zinapezeka kuti ma quarks "amalumikizidwa" pamodzi ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timatchedwa nditamande. Kwa kanthawi, ofufuza ankaganiza kuti ma gluons amatha kupanga "zingwe" zomwe zimagwirizanitsa quarks pamodzi. Polyakov adawona kugwirizana pakati pa chiphunzitso cha tinthu ndi chiphunzitso cha strukoma sanathe kutsimikizira izi ndi umboni uliwonse.

M’zaka zakumapeto, akatswiri anthanthi anayamba kunena kuti tinthu tating’onoting’ono tating’onoting’ono ta zingwe zonjenjemera. Mfundo imeneyi yakhala yopambana. Kufotokozera kwake kowoneka kungakhale motere: monga momwe chingwe chogwedezeka mu violin chimatulutsa mawu osiyanasiyana, kugwedezeka kwa zingwe mu fizikiki kumatsimikizira kulemera ndi khalidwe la tinthu.

Mu 1996, Klebanov pamodzi ndi wophunzira (ndipo kenako wophunzira udokotala) Stephen Gubser ndi Postdoctoral Fellow Amanda Peet, adagwiritsa ntchito chiphunzitso cha zingwe kuti awerengetse ma gluons, ndiyeno anafanizira zotsatira ndi chiphunzitso cha zingwe.

Mamembala a timuyi adadabwa kuti njira ziwirizi zidatulutsa zotsatira zofanana kwambiri. Patatha chaka chimodzi, Klebanov adaphunzira za mayamwidwe a mabowo akuda ndipo adapeza kuti nthawi ino amafanana ndendende. Patapita chaka chimodzi, katswiri wa sayansi ya zakuthambo Juan Maldasena anapeza kalata pakati pa mtundu wapadera wa mphamvu yokoka ndi chiphunzitso chofotokoza particles. M’zaka zotsatira, asayansi ena anagwirapo ntchito imeneyi ndipo anapanga masamu a masamu.

Popanda kulowa m'zinthu zobisika za masamuwa, zonse zidatsikira ku mfundo yakuti Kulumikizana kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tili ngati mbali ziwiri za ndalama imodzi. Kumbali ina, ndi njira yowonjezereka ya mphamvu yokoka yotengedwa mu chiphunzitso cha Einstein cha 1915. Kumbali ina, ndi chiphunzitso chomwe chimalongosola momveka bwino khalidwe la tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timapanga timadzi tating'onoting'ono ndi momwe timagwirira ntchito.

Ntchito ya Klebanov inapitilizidwa ndi Gubser, yemwe pambuyo pake anakhala pulofesa wa sayansi ku ... Princeton University, ndithudi, koma, mwatsoka, anamwalira miyezi ingapo yapitayo. Ndi iye amene anatsutsa kwa zaka zambiri kuti kugwirizana kwakukulu kwa machitidwe anayi ndi mphamvu yokoka, kuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito chiphunzitso cha zingwe, kungatengere fizikiya ku mlingo watsopano.

Komabe, kudalira masamu kuyenera kutsimikiziridwa mwanjira ina moyesera, ndipo izi ndizovuta kwambiri. Pakadali pano palibe kuyesa kuchita izi.