Doctor Robot - chiyambi cha mankhwala robotics
Sichiyenera kukhala loboti yodziwika bwino yomwe imawongolera mkono wa Luke Skywalker, yomwe tidawona mu Star Wars (1). Makinawa amangofunika kukhala ndi kampani komanso mwina kusangalatsa ana odwala m'chipatala (2) - monga mu projekiti ya ALIZ-E, yothandizidwa ndi European Union.
Monga gawo la polojekitiyi, XNUMX Ma robotamene anagonekedwa m’chipatala ndi ana odwala matenda a shuga. Amapangidwa kuti azingokhalira kucheza ndi anthu, okhala ndi luso lolankhula komanso kuzindikira nkhope, komanso ntchito zosiyanasiyana zama didactic zokhudzana ndi chidziwitso cha matenda ashuga, njira yake, zizindikiro ndi njira zochizira.
Kukhala wachifundo monga odwala anzathu akuchipatala ndi lingaliro labwino, koma pali malipoti kulikonse kuti maloboti akutenga ntchito zenizeni zachipatala. Pakati pawo, mwachitsanzo, Veebot, wopangidwa ndi oyambitsa California. Ntchito yake ndi kutenga magazi kuti akaunike (3).
Chipangizocho chili ndi dongosolo la "masomphenya" a infrared ndikulozera kamera pamtsempha womwewo. Akachipeza, amachipendanso pogwiritsa ntchito ultrasound, kuona ngati chikulowa m’bowo la singano. Ngati zonse zili bwino, amabaya singano ndikutulutsa magazi.
Ndondomeko yonse imatenga pafupifupi miniti. Kulondola kwa kusankha kwa mitsempha ya Veebot ndi 83 peresenti. Wamng'ono? Namwino yemwe akuchita izi pamanja ali ndi zotsatira zofanana. Kuphatikiza apo, Veebot akuyembekezeka kupitilira 90% panthawi ya mayeso azachipatala.
1. Dokotala wa Robot wochokera ku Star Wars
2. Maloboti akuperekeza ana kuchipatala
Anayenera kugwira ntchito mumlengalenga.
Kumanga lingaliro maloboti opangira opaleshoni ndi zina. Ku NASA m'zaka za m'ma 80 ndi 90s, zipinda zogwirira ntchito zanzeru zidamangidwa kuti zizigwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zida za mlengalenga ndi ma orbital base omwe amagwira nawo ntchito zamapulogalamu ofufuza zakuthambo.
3. Veebot - loboti yotolera ndikusanthula magazi
Ngakhale kuti mapulogalamuwa adatsekedwa, ofufuza a Intuitive Surgical anapitirizabe kugwira ntchito pa opaleshoni ya robotic, ndipo makampani apadera adathandizira ndalama zawo. Zotsatira zake zinali da Vinci, yomwe idayambitsidwa kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 90 ku California.
Koma choyamba mu dziko robot opaleshoni ovomerezeka ndi kuyeretsedwa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito mu 1994 ndi US Food and Drug Administration anali robotic system AESOP.
Ntchito yake inali yogwira ndi kukhazikika makamera panthawi ya maopaleshoni ochepa kwambiri. Chotsatira chinali ZEUS, loboti yoyendetsedwa ndi zida zitatu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga opaleshoni ya laparoscopic (4), yofanana kwambiri ndi loboti ya da Vinci yomwe ingabwere pambuyo pake.
Mu September 2001, ali ku New York, Jacques Maresco, pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya ZEUS ya opaleshoni ya robotic, anachotsa ndulu ya wodwala wazaka 68 m’chipatala ku Strasbourg.
Mwina mwayi wofunikira kwambiri wa ZEUS, monga wina aliyense robot opaleshoni, panali kuthetsa kwathunthu kwa kunjenjemera kwa manja komwe kumakhudza ngakhale madokotala odziwa bwino komanso ochita opaleshoni abwino kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.
4. Maloboti a ZEUS ndi malo owongolera
Lobotiyi ndi yolondola chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito fyuluta yoyenera yomwe imachotsa kugwedezeka kwafupipafupi pafupifupi 6 Hz, mawonekedwe akugwirana chanza ndi munthu. Da Vinci (5) yemwe tam'tchula uja, anatchuka kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 1998, pamene gulu lina la ku France linachita opaleshoni yoyamba yapadziko lonse yapamtima.
Patapita miyezi ingapo, opaleshoni ya mitral valve inachitidwa bwino, i.e. opaleshoni mkati mwa mtima. Zamankhwala panthawiyo, ichi chinali chochitika chofanana ndi kutera kwa kafukufuku wa Pathfinder pa Mars mu 1997.
Mikono inayi ya Da Vinci, yomaliza ndi zida, imalowa m'thupi la wodwalayo kudzera m'mabala ang'onoang'ono pakhungu. Chipangizochi chimayang'aniridwa ndi dokotala yemwe akukhala pa console, yemwe ali ndi luso la masomphenya, chifukwa chake amawona malo ogwiritsidwa ntchito m'miyeso itatu, mu HD resolution, mumitundu yachilengedwe komanso ndi kukula kwa 10x.
Njira yapamwambayi imakulolani kuchotsa kwathunthu minofu ya matenda, makamaka omwe amakhudzidwa ndi maselo a khansa, komanso kufufuza malo ovuta kufika, monga chiuno kapena maziko a chigaza.
Madokotala ena amatha kuona maopaleshoni a da Vinci ngakhale m'malo omwe ali pamtunda wa makilomita masauzande angapo. Izi zimathandiza kuti opaleshoni yovuta ichitike pogwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso cha akatswiri olemekezeka kwambiri popanda kubweretsa m'chipinda chopangira opaleshoni.
Mitundu ya maloboti azachipatala Maloboti opangira opaleshoni - gawo lawo lofunika kwambiri ndikuwonjezereka kolondola komanso kuchepetsedwa kwachiwopsezo cha zolakwika. Ntchito yokonzanso - imathandizira ndikuthandizira miyoyo ya anthu omwe ali ndi vuto lokhazikika kapena losakhalitsa (panthawi yochira), komanso olumala ndi okalamba.
Gulu lalikulu kwambiri limagwiritsidwa ntchito: kuzindikira ndi kukonzanso (nthawi zambiri moyang'aniridwa ndi dokotala, komanso mosadalira wodwalayo, makamaka pa telerehabilitation), kusintha malo ndi masewera olimbitsa thupi pakama (mabedi a robotic), kuwongolera kuyenda (pampando wa olumala wa robotic kwa olumala ndi ma exoskeletons), chisamaliro (maroboti), thandizo pakuphunzira ndi ntchito (malo ogwirira ntchito a robotic kapena zipinda zamaloboti), komanso chithandizo chazovuta zina zachidziwitso (maloboti ochizira ana ndi okalamba).
Ma biorobots ndi gulu la maloboti opangidwa kuti azitengera anthu ndi nyama zomwe timagwiritsa ntchito pazanzeru. Chitsanzo ndi loboti yophunzitsira ya ku Japan, yomwe madokotala amtsogolo amaphunzitsa opaleshoni. Maloboti omwe amalowa m'malo mwa wothandizira panthawi ya opaleshoni - ntchito yawo yaikulu ikukhudza luso la opaleshoni kuti athe kulamulira malo a kamera ya robotic, yomwe imapereka "mawonedwe" abwino a madera omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito.
Palinso loboti yaku Poland
История mankhwala robotics ku Poland idakhazikitsidwa mu 2000 ndi asayansi ochokera ku Foundation for the Development of Cardiac Surgery ku Zabrze, ndikupanga chitsanzo cha banja la RobinHeart la maloboti (6). Amakhala ndi magawo omwe amakulolani kuti musankhe zida zoyenera zogwirira ntchito zosiyanasiyana.
Zitsanzo zotsatirazi zinalengedwa: RobinHeart 0, RobinHeart 1 - yokhala ndi maziko odziimira okha komanso olamulidwa ndi makompyuta a mafakitale; RobinHeart 2 - imamangiriza ku tebulo logwiritsira ntchito, ndi mabatani awiri omwe mungathe kukhazikitsa zida zopangira opaleshoni kapena njira yowonera ndi kamera ya endoscopic; RobinHeart mc2 ndi RobinHeart Vision amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera endoscope.
Woyambitsa, wogwirizanitsa, wopanga zongoganiza, kukonza magwiridwe antchito ndi njira zambiri zamakina a polojekitiyi. Roboti ya opaleshoni yaku Poland Robin Hart anali dokotala. Zbigniew Navrat. Pamodzi ndi malemu Prof. Zbigniew Religa ndiye anali tate wa ntchito zonse zomwe akatswiri ochokera ku Zabrze anachita mogwirizana ndi malo ophunzirira ndi mabungwe ofufuza.
Gulu la opanga, zamagetsi, IT ndi makina omwe amagwira ntchito pa RobinHeart nthawi zonse amakambirana ndi gulu lachipatala kuti adziwe zomwe ziyenera kukonzedwa.
“Mu Januwale 2009, ku Center for Experimental Medicine ya Medical University of Silesia ku Katowice, pochiritsa nyama, lobotiyo inkagwira ntchito zonse zomwe idapatsidwa mosavuta. Zikalata zake zikuperekedwa pano.
6. Loboti yachipatala yaku Poland RobinHeart
Tikapeza othandizira, zidzayamba kupanga zambiri, "atero Zbigniew Nowrat wochokera ku Foundation for Development of Cardiac Surgery ku Zabrze. Mapangidwe a Chipolishi ali ofanana kwambiri ndi American da Vinci - amalola kupanga chithunzi cha 3D mu HD khalidwe, kuthetsa kugwedeza kwa manja, ndipo zida zogwiritsira ntchito telescopically zimalowa mkati mwa wodwalayo.
RobinHeart imayendetsedwa osati ndi zokometsera zapadera, monga za da Vinci, koma ndi mabatani. Dzanja limodzi la Chipolishi dokotala wa opaleshoni amatha kugwira zida ziwiri, zomwe, kuwonjezera apo, zimatha kuchotsedwa nthawi iliyonse, mwachitsanzo, kuzigwiritsa ntchito pamanja.
Tsoka ilo, tsogolo la dokotala woyamba wa opaleshoni waku Poland silikudziwika. Padakali pano pali mc2 m'modzi yekha amene sanachitepo opaleshoni wodwala wamoyo. Chifukwa? Palibe osunga ndalama okwanira.
Dr. Nowrat wakhala akuwafuna kwa zaka zambiri, koma pafupifupi 40 miliyoni zlotys akufunika kuti adziwe maloboti a RobinHeart kuzipatala zaku Poland. Disembala watha, chojambula cha loboti yopepuka, yonyamula mavidiyo yotsatirira pazamankhwala osiyanasiyana idavumbulutsidwa: RobinHeart PortVisionAble.
Kumanga kwake kunaperekedwa ndi National Center for Research and Development, Foundation for Development of Cardiac Surgery ndi othandizira ambiri. Chaka chino akukonzekera kumasula zitsanzo zitatu za chipangizochi. Ngati Komiti ya Ethics ivomereza kuzigwiritsa ntchito pakuyesa kwachipatala, adzayesedwa kuchipatala.
Osati opaleshoni yokha
Poyambirira tidatchula maloboti omwe amagwira ntchito ndi ana m'chipatala ndikutolera magazi. Mankhwala atha kupeza ntchito zambiri "zachitukuko" pamakinawa.
Chitsanzo ndi katswiri wamawu wa robot Bandit, yopangidwa ku University of Southern California, idapangidwa kuti izithandizira chithandizo cha ana omwe ali ndi autism. Zikuwoneka ngati chidole chomwe chapangidwa kuti chithandizire kukhudzana ndi odwala.
7. Robot Clara mu zovala za namwino
Pali makamera awiri mu "maso" ake, ndipo chifukwa cha masensa opangidwa ndi infrared, loboti, yomwe imayenda pa mawilo awiri, imatha kudziwa malo a mwanayo ndikuchita zoyenera.
Mwachisawawa, amayesa kaye kaye kwa wodwala wamng’onoyo, koma akathaŵa, amaima ndi manja kuti amuyandikire.
Nthawi zambiri, ana amayandikira lobotiyo ndikupanga mgwirizano nayo chifukwa cha kuthekera kwake kufotokoza zakukhosi kudzera m'mawonekedwe a nkhope.
Izi zimapangitsa kuti ana azikhala okonda kusewera, komanso kupezeka kwa loboti kumathandiziranso kucheza ndi anthu monga kukambirana. Makamera a robot amathandizanso kujambula khalidwe la mwanayo, kuthandizira chithandizo choperekedwa ndi dokotala.
Ntchito yokonzanso Popereka mwatsatanetsatane ndi kubwerezabwereza, amalola kuti masewero olimbitsa thupi achitidwe kwa odwala omwe satenga nawo mbali pang'ono ndi othandizira, kuchepetsa ndalama komanso kuonjezera chiwerengero cha anthu omwe amathandizidwa (exoskeleton yothandizira imatengedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwa njira zapamwamba kwambiri za robot yokonzanso).
Kuphatikiza apo, kulondola kosatheka kwa anthu kumapangitsa kuti athe kuchepetsa nthawi yokonzanso chifukwa chakuchita bwino kwambiri. kugwiritsa ntchito kukonza maloboti Komabe, kuyang'aniridwa ndi ochiritsa kumafunika kuonetsetsa chitetezo. Odwala nthawi zambiri samanena zowawa zambiri panthawi yochita masewera olimbitsa thupi, molakwika akukhulupirira kuti, mwachitsanzo, kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi kumabweretsa zotsatira zofulumira.
Kumva kupweteka kwambiri kumatha kuzindikirika mwachangu ndi opereka chithandizo chamankhwala, monganso masewera olimbitsa thupi omwe ndi opepuka kwambiri. M'pofunikanso kuonetsetsa kuti kuthekera kwa kusokonezeka mwadzidzidzi kwa kukonzanso pogwiritsa ntchito robot, mwachitsanzo, ngati algorithm yolamulira ikulephera.
Robot Clara (7), wopangidwa ndi USC Interaction Lab. namwino wa robot. Imayenda m'njira zokonzedweratu, kuzindikira zopinga. Odwala amadziwidwa ndi ma code ojambulira omwe amaikidwa pafupi ndi mabedi awo. Robotiyo imawonetsa malangizo omwe adalembedweratu pakuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi.
Kuyankhulana kwa zolinga za matenda ndi wodwalayo kumachitika kudzera mu mayankho "inde" kapena "ayi". Lobotiyi idapangidwira anthu pambuyo pa machitidwe amtima omwe amafunika kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi mpaka 10 pa ola kwa masiku angapo. Idapangidwanso ku Poland. robot yomwe imathandizira kukonzanso.
Inapangidwa ndi Michal Mikulski, membala wa Dipatimenti Yoyang'anira ndi Robotics ku Silesian University of Technology ku Gliwice. Chitsanzocho chinali exoskeleton - chipangizo chomwe chimavalidwa pa mkono wa wodwalayo, chomwe chimatha kusanthula ndikuwongolera magwiridwe antchito a minofu. Komabe, zitha kuthandiza wodwala m'modzi ndipo zikhala zodula kwambiri.
Asayansi adaganiza zopanga loboti yotsika mtengo yomwe ingathandizire kukonzanso gawo lililonse la thupi. Komabe, ndi chidwi chonse cha robotics, ndikofunikira kukumbukira kuti kugwiritsa ntchito maloboti mu zamankhwala nzodzala ndi zambiri osati maluwa okha. Mu opaleshoni, mwachitsanzo, izi zimagwirizana ndi ndalama zambiri.
Njira yogwiritsira ntchito da Vinci system, yomwe ili ku Poland, imawononga pafupifupi 15-30 zikwi. PLN, ndipo pambuyo pa njira khumi muyenera kugula zida zatsopano. NHF sibweza ndalama zomwe zidachitika ndi zidazi, zomwe zimafika pafupifupi ma zloty 9 miliyoni.
Zilinso ndi vuto lowonjezera nthawi yofunikira pa ndondomekoyi, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti wodwalayo ayenera kukhalabe pansi pa anesthesia nthawi yayitali ndikugwirizanitsidwa ndi cardiopulmonary bypass (pankhani ya opaleshoni ya mtima).
