Yesani kuyendetsa dizilo ndi mafuta: mitundu

Kukangana kwapakati pa injini za dizilo ndi petulo kukufikira pachimake. Ukadaulo waposachedwa wa turbo, makina oyendetsedwa ndi makina ojambulira njanji, kuphatikizika kwakukulu - mpikisanowu umabweretsa mitundu iwiri ya injini pafupi… Ndipo mwadzidzidzi, mkati mwa duel yakale, wosewera watsopano adawonekera pamalopo. malo pansi pa dzuwa.

Pambuyo pazonyalanyaza kwazaka zambiri, opanga adazindikiranso kuthekera kwakukulu kwa injini ya dizilo ndikufulumizitsa chitukuko chake mwa kuyambitsa kwambiri matekinoloje atsopano. Zinafika poti ntchito yake yamphamvu idayandikira mawonekedwe a wopikisana ndi mafuta ndikuloleza kupanga magalimoto osaganizirika mpaka pano monga Volkswagen Race Touareg ndi Audi R10 TDI okhala ndi zikhumbo zopitilira muyeso. Kuwerengera kwa zochitika zaka khumi ndi zisanu zapitazi ndizodziwika bwino ... Ma injini a Dizilo a 1936 sanasiyane kwenikweni ndi makolo awo, opangidwa ndi Mercedes-Benz kumbuyo ku 13. Njira yakusinthira pang'onopang'ono idatsata, yomwe mzaka zaposachedwa yakula ndikuphulika kwamphamvu kwamatekinoloje. Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1, Mercedes adayambitsanso galimoto yoyamba turbodiesel, kumapeto kwa XNUMXs, jekeseni wachindunji idayamba mu Model ya Audi, ma dizilo pambuyo pake adalandira mitu ya ma valve anayi, ndipo kumapeto kwa ma XNUMX, makina opangira ma njanji a Common Rail adakwaniritsidwa . ... Pakadali pano, jekeseni wamafuta othamangitsidwa kwambiri walowetsedwa mu injini zamafuta, komwe kuponderezana lero kumafikira XNUMX: XNUMX nthawi zina. Posachedwapa, teknoloji ya turbo ikukumana ndi kukonzanso, ndi mphamvu zamakina a mafuta omwe akuyamba kuyandikira kwambiri mphamvu za dizilo yotchuka ya turbo. '' Otsutsana awiriwa akupeza ulamuliro wooneka.

Ngakhale kudabwitsa kwamitundu iwiri yamayunitsi, pali kusiyana kwakukulu pamakhalidwe, mawonekedwe ndi machitidwe a injini ziwiri zotenthetsera.

Pankhani ya injini ya petulo, kusakaniza kwa mpweya ndi mafuta osungunuka kumapangidwa kwa nthawi yaitali kwambiri ndipo kumayamba nthawi yayitali isanayambe kuyaka. Kaya mukugwiritsa ntchito carburetor kapena makina amakono a jekeseni wamagetsi, cholinga chosakaniza ndi kupanga yunifolomu, mafuta osakanikirana omwe ali ndi chiŵerengero chodziwika bwino cha mpweya. Mtengo uwu nthawi zambiri umakhala pafupi ndi zomwe zimatchedwa "stoichiometric osakaniza", momwe muli maatomu a okosijeni okwanira kuti athe (theoretically) kuti agwirizane mu dongosolo lokhazikika ndi atomu iliyonse ya haidrojeni ndi carbon mu mafuta, kupanga H20 ndi CO2 yokha. Chifukwa psinjika chiŵerengero chochepa mokwanira kupewa msanga osalamulirika galimoto poyatsira zinthu zina mu mafuta chifukwa mkulu psinjika kutentha (gawo petulo tichipeza ma hydrocarbons ndi kutentha otsika evaporation ndi kutentha kwambiri kuyaka kutentha). kudziwotcha kuchokera kwa omwe ali mu gawo la dizilo), kuyatsa kwa osakaniza kumayambitsidwa ndi spark plug ndipo kuyaka kumachitika ngati kutsogolo kumayenda pa liwiro linalake. Tsoka ilo, madera omwe ali ndi njira zosakwanira amapangidwa m'chipinda choyaka moto, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mpweya wa monoxide ndi ma hydrocarbons okhazikika, ndipo kutsogolo kwa moto kukasuntha, kupanikizika ndi kutentha kumawonjezeka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ma nitrogen oxides owopsa. pakati pa nayitrogeni ndi mpweya wochokera mumlengalenga), peroxides ndi hydroperoxides (pakati pa mpweya ndi mafuta). Kudzikundikira komaliza ku zinthu zofunika kwambiri kumabweretsa kuyaka kosalamulirika, chifukwa chake, mu mafuta amakono, tizigawo ta mamolekyu okhala ndi "zomanga" zokhazikika, zovuta kuphulitsa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito - njira zingapo zowonjezera zimachitika. m'malo oyeretsera kuti akwaniritse bata. kuphatikizapo kuwonjezeka kwa octane chiwerengero cha mafuta. Chifukwa cha chiŵerengero chosakanikirana chosakanikirana chomwe injini za petulo zimatha kuyendetsa, valavu yothamanga imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mwa iwo, yomwe injini imayendetsedwa ndi kusintha kwa mpweya wabwino. Komabe, nawonso, amakhala gwero la zotayika kwambiri mu mode pang'ono katundu, amasewera ngati "mphuno pulagi" injini.

Lingaliro la mlengi wa injini ya dizilo, Rudolf Dizilo, ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa psinjika, motero mphamvu ya thermodynamic ya makinawo. Chifukwa chake, dera la chipinda chamafuta limacheperachepera, ndipo mphamvu yakuyaka sikutaya makoma a silinda ndi dongosolo lozizira, koma "imagwiritsidwa ntchito" pakati pa tinthu tating'onoting'ono, tomwe tili pafupi kwambiri ndi chilichonse. zina. Ngati chisakanizo chokonzedweratu cha mpweya-mafuta chikulowa m'chipinda choyaka moto cha mtundu uwu wa injini, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi injini ya petulo, ndiye pamene kutentha kwakukulu kumafika panthawi yoponderezedwa (malingana ndi chiŵerengero cha psinjika ndi mtundu wa mafuta). ), njira yodziwotcha idzakhazikitsidwa kale GMT isanachitike. kuyaka kwa volumetric kosalamulirika. Pachifukwa ichi, mafuta a dizilo amabayidwa panthawi yomaliza, posakhalitsa GMT, pa kuthamanga kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kusowa kwa nthawi yabwino ya evaporation, kufalikira, kusakaniza, kudziwotcha komanso kufunikira kwa malire othamanga kwambiri. zomwe sizimadutsa malire. kuchokera ku 4500 rpm Njirayi imayika zofunikira zoyenera pamtundu wa mafuta, omwe pakadali pano ndi kachigawo kakang'ono ka mafuta a dizilo - makamaka ma distillates owongoka ndi kutentha kwamoto wochepa kwambiri, popeza dongosolo losakhazikika komanso mamolekyu aatali ndizofunikira kuti zikhale zosavuta. kuphulika ndi kuchitapo ndi okosijeni.

Mbali imodzi yoyaka moto ya injini ya dizilo, mbali imodzi, ndi magawo osakanikirana mozungulira mabowo a jekeseni, pomwe mafuta amawonongeka (ming'alu) kuchokera kutentha popanda makutidwe ndi okosijeni, amasandulika gwero la kaboni (mwaye), ndi mbali inayo. momwe mulibe mafuta konse ndipo, chifukwa cha kutentha kwambiri, nayitrogeni ndi mpweya wamlengalenga zimalowa mgwirizanowu, ndikupanga nayitrogeni oxides. Chifukwa chake, injini za dizilo nthawi zonse zimakonzedwa kuti zizigwira ntchito ndi zosakaniza zapakatikati (ndiye kuti, ndi mpweya wochuluka kwambiri), ndipo katunduyo amangoyang'aniridwa ndi kuchuluka kwa mafuta obayidwa. Izi zimapewa kugwiritsa ntchito fulumizitsa, zomwe ndizopindulitsa kwambiri kuposa anzawo amafuta. Pobwezera zolakwitsa zina za injini ya mafuta, okonzawo adapanga injini momwe makina osakanikirana amatchedwa "char stratification".

Pazigawo zazing'ono, kusakanikirana kwabwino kwa stoichiometric kumapangidwa kokha m'dera lozungulira ma plug a spark plug chifukwa cha jekeseni wapadera wa jeti yamafuta obayidwa, kuwongolera kwa mpweya, mawonekedwe apadera a mapisitoni ndi njira zina zofananira zomwe zimatsimikizira kuyatsira kudalilika. Nthawi yomweyo, chisakanizo cha chipinda chochulukirapo chimakhala chotsamira, ndipo popeza katundu mumayendedwe awa amatha kuwongoleredwa kokha ndi kuchuluka kwa mafuta omwe amapereka, valavu yamagetsi imatha kukhalabe yotseguka. Izi, zimathandizanso kuti kuchepa kwa munthawi yomweyo kumachulukitsa ndikuwonjezera mphamvu kwa injini yamagetsi. Mwachidziwitso zonse zimawoneka bwino, koma pakadali pano kupambana kwa injini yamtunduwu yopangidwa ndi Mitsubishi ndi VW sikunakhale kokongola. Mwambiri, pakadali pano palibe amene angadzitamande kuti agwiritsa ntchito zabwino zonse za mayankho aumisiri amenewa.

Ndipo ngati inu "mwamatsenga" kuphatikiza ubwino wa mitundu iwiri ya injini? Kodi kuphatikizika koyenera kwa kuponderezana kwa dizilo, kugawa kofanana kwa osakaniza mu voliyumu ya chipinda choyaka moto ndi kuyatsa kofananako mu voliyumu yomweyo? Maphunziro ozama a labotale a mayunitsi oyesera amtunduwu m'zaka zaposachedwa awonetsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa mpweya woipa wa mpweya wotulutsa (mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa ma nitrogen oxides kumachepetsedwa mpaka 99%!) . Zikuwoneka kuti tsogolo ndi la injini, zomwe makampani oyendetsa magalimoto ndi makampani odzipangira okha posachedwapa aphatikizana pansi pa ambulera yotchedwa HCCI - Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engines kapena Homogeneous Charge Self Ignition Engines.

Monga zinthu zina zambiri zomwe zikuwoneka ngati "zosintha", lingaliro lopanga makina otere siatsopano, ndipo ngakhale kuyesa kupanga mtundu wodalirika wopangabe sikukuyenda bwino. Nthawi yomweyo, kuthekera kokulira kwa kayendetsedwe kazinthu zamagetsi komanso kusinthasintha kwakukulu kwa magawidwe amafuta kumapangitsa chiyembekezo chatsopano cha injini yatsopano.

Pamenepo, mu nkhani iyi ndi mtundu wa wosakanizidwa mfundo za ntchito ya mafuta ndi injini dizilo. Chisakanizo chophatikizika bwino, monga injini zamafuta, chimalowa m'chipinda choyaka moto cha HCCI, koma chimadziyatsa motenthedwa ndi kutentha. Mtundu watsopano wa injini sikufunikanso valavu yokhotakhota chifukwa imatha kuyendetsa zosakaniza zowonda. Komabe, ziyenera kudziwika kuti pamenepa tanthauzo la tanthauzo la "kuonda" limasiyana kwambiri ndi tanthauzo la dizilo, popeza HCCI ilibe msanganizo wowonda komanso wopindulitsa kwambiri, koma ndi mtundu wosakanikirana wofananira. Mfundo ya ntchito kumaphatikizapo poyatsira munthawi yomweyo chisakanizo mu voliyumu yonse yamphamvu popanda moto woyenda mozungulira kutsogolo komanso kutentha pang'ono. Izi zimangobweretsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa kuchuluka kwa ma nitrojeni oxide ndi mwaye m'mipweya yotulutsa utsi, ndipo, malinga ndi magwero angapo odalirika, kuyambitsa kwakukulu kwa ma HCCI opindulitsa kwambiri pakupanga magalimoto mu 2010-2015. Tipulumutsa umunthu pafupifupi migolo theka la miliyoni. mafuta tsiku lililonse.

Komabe, asanakwaniritse izi, ofufuza ndi akatswiri amayenera kuthana ndi chopunthwitsa chachikulu pakali pano - kusowa kwa njira yodalirika yoyendetsera njira zodziwikiratu pogwiritsa ntchito tizigawo tating'ono tating'ono tosiyanasiyana tomwe timapanga, katundu ndi machitidwe amafuta amakono. Mafunso angapo amayamba chifukwa chokhala ndi njira zonyamula katundu wosiyanasiyana, kusintha ndi kutentha kwa injini. Malinga ndi akatswiri ena, izi zikhoza kuchitika mwa kubwezera ndendende kuchuluka kwa mpweya wotuluka mu silinda, kutenthetsa chisakanizocho, kapena kusintha mphamvu ya psinjika, kapena kusintha mwachindunji chiŵerengero cha kuponderezana (mwachitsanzo, SVC Saab prototype) kapena kusintha nthawi yotseka ma valve pogwiritsa ntchito makina osinthika agasi.

Sizikudziwika bwino momwe vuto la phokoso ndi thermodynamic pa injini yopangira injini chifukwa cha kudziwotcha kwa osakaniza ambiri mwatsopano lidzathetsedwa. Vuto lenileni ndi kuyambitsa injini pa kutentha otsika mu masilindala, chifukwa n'zovuta kuyambitsa kudziyatsa mu mikhalidwe yotere. Pakalipano, ofufuza ambiri akugwira ntchito kuti athetse mavutowa pogwiritsa ntchito zotsatira za kuwonetsetsa kwa prototypes ndi masensa kuti apitirize kulamulira pakompyuta ndi kusanthula njira zogwirira ntchito mu masilinda nthawi yeniyeni.

Malinga ndi akatswiri ochokera kumakampani amagalimoto omwe akugwira ntchito motere, kuphatikiza Honda, Nissan, Toyota ndi GM, zikutheka kuti magalimoto ophatikizana ayamba kupangidwa omwe amatha kusintha njira zogwirira ntchito, ndipo spark plug idzagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati wothandizira pamilandu. kumene HCCI ikukumana ndi zovuta. Volkswagen imagwiritsa ntchito kale chiwembu chofananira mu injini yake ya CCS (Combined Combustion System), yomwe pakali pano imagwiritsa ntchito mafuta opangira omwe amapangidwira iwo.

Kuyatsa kwa osakaniza mu injini za HCCI kungathe kuchitidwa mosiyanasiyana pakati pa mafuta, mpweya ndi mpweya wotulutsa mpweya (ndikokwanira kufika kutentha kwa autoignition), ndipo nthawi yochepa yoyaka moto imabweretsa kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa injini. Mavuto ena amtundu watsopano wa mayunitsi amatha kuthetsedwa bwino limodzi ndi machitidwe osakanizidwa, monga Toyota Hybrid Synergy Drive - pakadali pano, injini yoyaka mkati ingagwiritsidwe ntchito mwanjira inayake yomwe ili yoyenera kwambiri pa liwiro ndi katundu. kuntchito, motero amadutsa njira zomwe injini imavutikira kapena kukhala yosagwira ntchito.

Kutentha kwa injini za HCCI, zomwe zimatheka chifukwa cha kuphatikiza kwa kutentha, kuthamanga, kuchuluka ndi mtundu wa chisakanizo pafupi ndi GMT, ndiye vuto lalikulu motsutsana ndi kuyatsa kosavuta ndi pulagi yamoto. Kumbali inayi, HCCI sichiyenera kupanga zovuta, zomwe ndizofunikira pa mafuta komanso makamaka injini za dizilo, chifukwa chakudzipumira nthawi imodzi. Nthawi yomweyo, ndichifukwa chake kuti ngakhale kupatuka kwakanthawi kochepa kotentha kumatha kubweretsa kusintha kwakukuru munjira zamagetsi.

M'zochita, chinthu chofunika kwambiri cha tsogolo la mtundu uwu wa injini ndi mtundu wa mafuta, ndipo njira yoyenera yopangira mapangidwe ingapezeke ndi chidziwitso chatsatanetsatane cha khalidwe lake mu chipinda choyaka moto. Choncho, makampani ambiri magalimoto panopa ntchito ndi makampani mafuta (monga Toyota ndi ExxonMobil), ndipo zambiri zoyesera pa siteji imeneyi ikuchitika ndi mafuta opangidwa mwapadera, zikuchokera ndi makhalidwe amene anawerengedwa pasadakhale. Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwa petulo ndi dizilo ku HCCI kumatsutsana ndi malingaliro a injini zachikale. Chifukwa cha kutentha kwambiri kwa mafuta oyaka moto, kuchuluka kwa psinjika mwa iwo kumatha kusiyana ndi 12: 1 mpaka 21: 1, ndi mafuta a dizilo, omwe amayatsa kutentha pang'ono, ayenera kukhala ochepa - pa dongosolo la 8 okha. :1.

Zolemba: Georgy Kolev

Chithunzi: kampani