Mwana ndi Bambo wa Revolution Revolution - Henry Bessemer

Njira yodziwika bwino ya Bessemer yopanga zitsulo zotsika mtengo komanso zapamwamba zidapangitsa kuti pakhale njanji zapamtunda, milatho yopepuka ndi zombo, ndi ma skyscrapers akulu akulu. Zomwe anatulukirazo zinapanga ndalama zambiri kwa injiniya wachingelezi wodziphunzitsa yekha, yemwe, kuwonjezera pa luso la kupanga zitsulo, adalembetsa ma patent ena zana pamalingaliro ake ena.

Henry Bessemer anali mwana wa injiniya waluso yemwenso Anthony Bessemer, membala wa French Academy of Sciences. Chifukwa cha Revolution ya ku France, abambo a Henry adachoka ku Paris ndikubwerera kwawo ku England, komwe adayambitsa kampani yawo ku Charlton - chosindikizira mtundu foundry. Munali ku Charlton pa Januware 19, 1813 pomwe Henry Bessemer adabadwa. Pamodzi ndi abambo ake, Henry adalandira maphunziro apamwamba komanso chidziwitso. Munthu amene anasintha ntchito zachitsuloSanapite kusukulu iliyonse, anali wodziphunzitsa yekha. Pamene anali ndi zaka 17, anali atayamba kale kupanga.

Anali akugwirabe ntchito kukampani ya abambo ake pamene adapeza lingaliro. kukonza makina opangira mafonti. Komabe, chofunika kwambiri mwa zinthu zake zachinyamata chinali sitampu yamasiku osunthika. Zatsopanozi zidapulumutsa makampani ndi maofesi ndalama zambiri, koma Henry sanadalitsidwe ndi kampani iliyonse. Mu 1832, abambo a Bessemer adagulitsa malo ake ogulitsa. Henry anayenera kugwira ntchito yowonjezereka kuti apeze malo ake.

bizinesi yagolide

Anapeza ndalama zake zoyamba zazikulu popanga kupanga ufa wabwino wa mkuwa womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zomwe zimatchedwa utoto wagolide. Henry anaphwanya ulamuliro wa kampani ya ku Germany yochokera ku Nuremberg, yekhayo amene ankagulitsa zinthuzo popanga zodzikongoletsera zagolide ndi zodzikongoletsera panthawiyo. Tekinoloje ya Bessemer amaloledwa kuchepetsa nthawi yopanga utoto, m'malo mwa golide ndi ufa wamkuwa wotchipa ndipo, chifukwa chake, kuchepetsa mtengo wa mankhwalawa pafupifupi nthawi makumi anayi. Njira yopangira utoto inali imodzi mwa zinsinsi zomwe anthu opanga utoto ankazisunga mosamala kwambiri. Anangogawana chinsinsicho ndi antchito ochepa odalirika. Onse anali a m'banja la Bessemer. Henry ankawopa luso la patent, incl. chifukwa cha chiopsezo cha njira zopangira zatsopano, zosinthidwa kapena zowongoleredwa zomwe zimayambitsidwa mwachangu utoto wagolide wamtengo wapatali.

Bizinesiyo idakula mwachangu, ndikugonjetsa misika yaku Europe ndi America. Ofunika kwambiri omwe analandira utoto wa golide anali opanga mawotchi a ku France, pakati pa ena, omwe ankagwiritsa ntchito utotowo pomangirira zidutswa zawo. Bessemer anali ndi ndalama kale. Anaganiza zopanga. Anasiyira banja lake kuyang'anira mbewuyo.

Mu 1849 anakumana ndi wolima dimba wa ku Jamaica. Anadabwa kumva nkhani zake zokhudza njira zakale zothira madzi a nzimbe m’dziko la Britain. Vutoli linali lokwiyitsa kwambiri kotero kuti Prince Albert, mwamuna wa Mfumukazi Victoria, adalengeza mpikisano ndipo adalonjeza kupereka mendulo yagolide kwa aliyense amene apanga zambiri. njira yabwino yopangira nzimbe.

Henry Bessemer miyezi ingapo pambuyo pake adakonzekera kulembetsa. Anayamba ndi kudula mapesi a nzimbe m’zidutswa zingapo zazifupi, pafupifupi mamita 6 m’litali. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti madzi ambiri akhoza kufinyidwa kuchokera pa tsinde lalitali. Anakulanso Steam engine hydraulic presszomwe zimathandizira kupanga bwino. Zatsopanozi zidakhala zoyenerera kulandira mphotho yachifumu. Prince Albert mwiniwake adapatsa Bessemer mendulo yagolide pamaso pa Arts Society.

Pambuyo pa kupambana kumeneku, woyambitsayo adakondwera ndi kupanga galasi lathyathyathya. Iye anamanga choyamba ng'anjo yobwezeretsanso, momwe galasi linapangidwira mu ng'anjo yamoto. The semi-zamadzimadzi zopangira anasefukira mu kusamba, kumene riboni ya pepala galasi anapanga pakati pa masilindala awiri. Mu 1948, Bessemer adavomereza njira yomwe adakonzekera kumanga fakitale yamagalasi Mu London. Komabe, njirayo idakhala yokwera mtengo kwambiri ndipo sinabweretse phindu lomwe likuyembekezeka. Komabe, chokumana nacho chopezedwa pakupanga ng’anjo posapita nthaŵi chinakhala chamtengo wapatali.

2. Malo owonera zakuthambo omangidwa ku Bessemer estate

Peyala chitsulo

Anayamba kupanga ng'anjo zachitsulo. Zaka ziwiri, 1852 ndi 1853, adalandira mavoti khumi ndi awiri, pafupifupi miyezi iwiri iliyonse anali ndi lingaliro limodzi loyenera kutetezedwa. Nthawi zambiri izi zinali zatsopano zazing'ono.

Chokha Nkhondo ya Crimea inayamba mu 1854 anabweretsa mavuto atsopano okhudzana ndi kupanga zida. Bessemer ankadziwa momwe angachitire nawo. anatulukira mtundu watsopano wa cylindrical artillery projectile, wamizere. Mfuti ya helical inapangitsa kuti chiwombankhangacho chizungulire, kukhazika mtima pansi, ndipo chinapereka zolondola kwambiri kuposa zipolopolo zooneka ngati zipolopolo. Komabe, panali kukwiya pang'ono. Mivi yatsopanoyi inkafunika migolo yamphamvu komanso kupanga njira yopangira zitsulo zoyenerera. Zomwe zidapangidwazo zimakonda Napoleon III Bonaparte. Pambuyo pokumana ndi Mfumu ya France ku Paris Henry Bessemer anayamba kugwira ntchito ndipo mu 1855 anavomereza njira yosungunula zitsulo mu bafa yachitsulo mu ng'anjo yamoto yotsegula.

Patangotha ​​chaka chimodzi, Mngeleziyo anali ndi lingaliro lina, nthawi ino lofuna kusintha. Mu Ogasiti 1856 ku Cheltenham, Bessemer adayambitsa njira yatsopano yosinthira pakuyenga (oxidizing) chitsulo chamadzimadzi. Njira yake yovomerezeka inali njira yowoneka bwino yogwiritsira ntchito pudding yowononga nthawi, momwe chitsulo cholimba chimatenthedwa ndi mpweya wotulutsa mpweya ndi ores zomwe zimafunikira pakupanga okosijeni.

Nkhani yoperekedwa ku Cheltenham yamutu wakuti "Kupanga chitsulo popanda mafuta" inafalitsidwa ndi The Times. Njira ya Bessemer imachokera pakuwomba chitsulo chamadzimadzi chokhala ndi mpweya wamphamvu mu transducer yapadera, yotchedwa peyala ya Bessemer. Chitsulo choponyedwa ndi mpweya sichinazimitsidwa, koma chinatenthedwa, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kupanga ma castings. Njira yosungunuka inali yofulumira kwambiri, Zinangotenga mphindi 25 zokha kusungunula matani 25 achitsulo kukhala chitsulo.

Makampani apadziko lonse lapansi nthawi yomweyo adayamba kuchita chidwi ndi zatsopano. Mwamsanga, makampani adapeza ziphaso ndikupereka madandaulo. Zinapezeka kuti Bessemer adagwiritsa ntchito mchere wopanda phosphorous. Panthawiyi, amalonda ambiri adagula ores olemera mu chinthu ichi ndi sulfure, zomwe zinalibe kanthu mu ndondomeko ya pudding, popeza phosphorous inachotsedwa pa kutentha kochepa, ndipo muzitsulozo zinapangitsa kuti chitsulo chiwonongeke. Bessemer adakakamizika kugula zilolezo. Anayambitsa kampani yake ndikugulitsa zitsulo zomaliza.

3. Kujambula kwa wotembenuza woyamba ndi Henry Bessemer

Maoda ambiri adayikidwa kale zitsulo kukulitsa maukonde a njanji ndi kupanga njanji. Anapambana pafupifupi 80 peresenti. gawo la msika wa njanji mu 1880-1895 Iye anali adakali angwiro luso lake lopambana. Mu 1868 adalandira chilolezo cha Ultimate converter chitsanzo chaukadaulo wogwiritsidwa ntchito kenako pafupifupi zaka zana.

Kupambanako sikunapite modzidzimutsa ndipo kunayambitsa nkhondo yapatent ndi wamalonda waku Britain. Robert Mushetamene ali ndi chilolezo chowotcha mpweya wonse ndikuwonjezera manganese kuti apereke mpweya wokwanira muzitsulo. Ngakhale Bessemer adapambana mlanduwu, atakambirana ndi mwana wamkazi wa Mushet, adavomera kulipira woyambitsa uyu £300 pachaka kwa zaka 25.

Sikuti nthawi zonse wakhala akuchita zinthu mochititsa chidwi. Mu 1869, mwachitsanzo, adapatsa kanyumba kanyumba kamene kali ndi dongosolo lomwe linathetsa kugwedezeka kwa sitimayo. Popanga malo oyendera alendo, adauziridwa ndi gyroscope. Kuti ayese lingaliro lake, adamanga mu 1875. chowotcha ndi kanyumba, pofuna kukhazikika komwe adagwiritsa ntchito gyroscope yoyendetsedwa ndi turbine ya nthunzi. Tsoka ilo, mapangidwewo adakhala osakhazikika komanso ovuta kuwongolera. Zotsatira zake, ndege yake yoyamba idagwera pamtsinje wa Calais.

Bessemer mu 1879 adalandira luso chifukwa cha zopereka zake ku sayansi yapadziko lonse. Anamwalira pa Marichi 14, 1898 ku London.

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