Ndalama: ndalama zakuthupi. Ndalamayi ikuyimba nyimbo yotsanzikana

Kumbali imodzi, timamva kulikonse kuti kutha kwa ndalama sikungalephereke. Maiko ngati Denmark akutseka mints yawo. Kumbali inayi, pali nkhawa zambiri kuti 100% ndalama zamagetsi ndi 100% kuyang'aniridwa. Kapena mwina mantha ofanana adzaswa cryptocurrencies?

Pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansi, mabungwe azandalama - kuchokera ku European Central Bank kupita kumayiko aku Africa - sakonda ndalama. Akuluakulu amisonkho amaumirira kuti asiye, chifukwa ndizovuta kwambiri kuthawa misonkho pamakompyuta oyendetsedwa bwino. Mchitidwe umenewu umathandizidwa ndi apolisi ndi mabungwe azamalamulo, omwe, monga tikudziwira bwino kuchokera m'mafilimu achiwawa, amakonda kwambiri masutukesi a zipembedzo zazikulu. M’mayiko ambiri, eni masitolo amene ali pachiopsezo cha kuberedwa amalephera kusunga ndalama.

Zikuwoneka ngati ali okonzeka kutsazikana ndi ndalama zogwirika Mayiko aku Scandinaviazomwe nthawi zina zimatchedwa post-cash. Ku Denmark, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 90, ndalama zachitsulo, mapepala a banknotes ndi macheke zidaposa 80% ya zochitika zonse - pamene mu 2015 pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu. Msikawu umayang'aniridwa ndi makhadi ndi mapulogalamu olipira mafoni, pomwe banki yayikulu yaku Danish ikuyesa kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zenizeni zaukadaulo.

Electronic Scandinavia

Sweden, Denmark yoyandikana, imatengedwa kuti dziko lapafupi kwambiri kusiya kwathunthu ndalama zakuthupi. Ndalama zidzatha pofika 2030. Pachifukwa ichi, amapikisana ndi Norway, kumene pafupifupi 5% ya malonda amapangidwa ndi ndalama komanso kumene sikophweka kupeza sitolo kapena malo odyera omwe angavomereze ndalama zambiri monga malipiro. za katundu kapena ntchito. Kusintha kwa ndalama ndi ndalama zamagetsi ku Scandinavia kumayendetsedwa ndi chikhalidwe chapadera chozikidwa pa chikhulupiliro cha anthu m'mabungwe a boma, mabungwe a zachuma ndi mabanki. Zone yotuwa yomwe inalipo kale idazimiririka chifukwa cha kusinthanitsa kopanda ndalama. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, pamene malipiro a pakompyuta akuchulukirachulukira m'malo mwa njira zakale, kuchuluka kwa kuba ndi zida kukucheperachepera.

Bar ku Sweden, palibe ndalama 

Kwa anthu ambiri aku Scandinavia, kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zachitsulo ndi mabanki kumakhala kokayikitsa, kulumikizidwa ndi zomwe tafotokozazi pazachuma komanso umbanda. Ngakhale ndalama zitaloledwa m’sitolo kapena ku banki, tikazigwiritsa ntchito kwambiri, tiyenera kufotokoza kumene tinazitenga. Ogwira ntchito ku banki anafunika kukanena kupolisi ndalama zambiri zachitika.

Kuchotsa mapepala ndi zitsulo kumabweretsa inu kupulumutsa. Mabanki aku Sweden atalowa m'malo otetezedwa ndi makompyuta ndikuchotsa kufunikira konyamula matani a ndalama m'magalimoto okhala ndi zida, ndalama zawo zidatsika kwambiri.

Ngakhale ku Sweden, komabe, pali mtundu wotsutsa kusungitsa ndalama. Mphamvu zake zazikulu ndi okalamba, omwe amavutika kuti asinthe ku makadi olipira, osatchulanso malipiro a mafoni. Kuonjezera apo, kudalira kwathunthu pamagetsi kungayambitse mavuto aakulu pamene dongosolo lidzagwa. Milandu yotere yakhalapo kale - mwachitsanzo, pa chimodzi mwa zikondwerero zanyimbo zaku Sweden, kulephera komaliza kudayambitsa chitsitsimutso cha kusinthana ...

Padziko lonse lapansi

Osati kokha ku Scandinavia komwe kukupita ku kuchotsedwa kwa mabanki ndi ndalama zachitsulo.

Kuyambira 2014, ndalama zakhala zikuchotsedwa pamsika wogulitsa nyumba ku Belgium - kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zachikhalidwe pazochita zomwe zidachitika kumeneko kunali koletsedwa. Malire a 3 euro adayambitsidwanso pakugulitsa ndalama zapakhomo.

Akuluakulu aku France akuti 92% ya nzika zasiya kale ndalama zamapepala ndi zitsulo pamoyo wawo watsiku ndi tsiku.

Kafukufuku akuwonetsanso kuti 89% ya Britons amagwiritsa ntchito ma e-banki okha pamoyo wawo watsiku ndi tsiku.

Monga momwe zikukhalira, osati anthu olemera a Kumadzulo okha omwe akupita ku chuma chopanda ndalama. Kutsanzikana ku Africa kungakhale kudikirira ndalama zakuthupi mwachangu kuposa momwe aliyense amaganizira.

Ku Kenya, pulogalamu yakubanki yam'manja ya MPesa yam'manja yam'manja ili kale ndi ogwiritsa ntchito mamiliyoni makumi ambiri.

Ntchito yolipira ya MPesa 

Chochititsa chidwi ndi chakuti dziko limodzi losauka kwambiri ku Africa, lomwe silikudziwika padziko lonse la Somaliland, losiyana mu 1991 kuchokera ku Somalia, lomwe liri ndi chipwirikiti chankhondo, liri patsogolo pa mayiko ambiri otukuka pazochitika zamagetsi. Izi mwina zili chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa umbanda, zomwe zimapangitsa kusunga ndalama kumeneko kukhala koopsa.

Bank of South Korea imalosera kuti pofika 2020 dzikolo lidzasiya ndalama zachikhalidwe.

Kale mu 2014, Ecuador idayambitsa njira ya boma ya e-currency kuwonjezera pa ndalama zachikhalidwe.

Ku Poland, kuyambira koyambirira kwa 2017, zochitika zonse pakati pamakampani pamtengo wopitilira PLN 15. PLN iyenera kukhala yamagetsi. Kuchepetsa kwambiri malire a malipiro a ndalama koteroko kumafotokozedwa ndi kufunikira kolimbana ndi achinyengo omwe amazemba kulipira VAT m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Pakafukufuku yemwe adachitika ku Poland mu 2016 ndi Paysafecard - imodzi mwamayankho olipira pa intaneti padziko lonse lapansi - adapeza kuti pafupifupi 55% yokha ya omwe adafunsidwa adatsutsa kusiya ndalama ndikuzisintha kukhala njira zolipirira digito.

Blockchains m'malo mwa mphamvu zonse zamabanki

Ngati mutha kugula ndi malipiro amagetsi, zochitika zonse zidzasiya zizindikiro - ndipo iyi ndi nkhani yeniyeni ya moyo wathu. Ambiri sakonda chiyembekezo chokhala kulikonse kuyang'aniridwa ndi boma ndi mabungwe azachuma. Anthu ambiri okayikira amaopa kuti n’zotheka kutilanda kwathunthu katundu wathu ndikudina kamodzi kokha. Timaopa kupereka mabanki ndi chuma pafupifupi mphamvu zonse pa ife.

E-ndalama imaperekanso mphamvu ndi chida chachikulu chowonjezera kuchita bwino. kulimbana ndi opanduka. Chitsanzo cha operekera PayPal, Visa ndi Mastercard, omwe adadula malipiro a Wikileaks, akuwonekera kwambiri. Ndipo iyi si nkhani yokha ya mtundu wake. Zosiyanasiyana - tiyeni tizitcha "zosakhala zachikhalidwe" - Zoyeserera pa intaneti nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito zachuma. Ichi ndichifukwa chake akupeza kutchuka m'magulu ena, mwatsoka, ndi zigawenga. kryptowaluty, kutengera unyolo wa midadada yophwanyidwa ().

Okonda Bitcoin ndi ndalama zina zofananira zamagetsi zimawawona ngati mwayi woyanjanitsa kufalikira kwamagetsi ndi kufunikira koteteza chinsinsi, chifukwa akadali encrypted ndalama. Kuonjezera apo, imakhalabe ndalama "zagulu" - osachepera theoretically olamulidwa osati ndi maboma ndi mabanki, koma ndi mgwirizano weniweni wa ogwiritsa ntchito onse, omwe angakhalepo mamiliyoni ambiri padziko lapansi.

Komabe, malinga ndi akatswiri, kusadziwika kwa cryptocurrency ndi chinyengo. Kugulitsa kumodzi ndikokwanira kupereka kiyi yachinsinsi yapagulu kwa munthu wina. Wokhudzidwayo amakhalanso ndi mwayi wopeza mbiri yonse ya funguloli - kotero palinso mbiri ya zochitika. Iwo ndi yankho ku vuto limeneli. ndalama zosakaniza, komabe, amaphwanya lingaliro lalikulu la Bitcoin, lomwe ndi lingaliro lodalirika. Pogwiritsa ntchito chosakaniza, tiyenera kudalira wogwiritsa ntchito m'modzi, pokhudzana ndi malipiro a bitcoins osakanikirana, komanso ponena za kusaulula ubale pakati pa maadiresi omwe akubwera ndi otuluka.

Zoonadi, pali njira zothetsera Bitcoin kukhala ndalama zosadziwika, koma ngati zidzakhala zothandiza zikuwonekerabe. Chaka chatha, Bitcoin testnet idachita malonda ake oyamba pogwiritsa ntchito chida chotchedwa Shufflepuff, yomwe ndi ntchito yothandiza ya CoinShuffle protocol yopangidwa ndi asayansi ochokera ku German University of Saar.

Izi ndi mtundu wa chosakanizira, koma pang'ono bwino. Pambuyo posonkhanitsa gulu losakhalitsa, wogwiritsa ntchito aliyense amapanga adilesi ya BTC yotulutsa ndi makiyi osakhalitsa a cryptographic. Mndandanda wa ma adilesi olowera ndi otuluka ndiye - kudzera munjira yobisa ndi "kugwedeza" - kugawidwa pakati pa mamembala agululo mwanjira yoti palibe amene akudziwa kuti adilesi ndi ya ndani. Mukadzaza mndandanda, mumapanga zochitika zokhazikika zokhala ndi zolowetsa ndi zotuluka zingapo. Node iliyonse yomwe ikuchita nawo hashi imayang'ana kuti muwone ngati ma bitcoins pazolowera adalengezedwa kuti asakanizidwa ndipo ngati malondawo ali ndi "zake" zotuluka ndi kuchuluka koyenera, ndiyeno amasaina malondawo. Chomaliza ndikusonkhanitsa zomwe zasainidwa pang'ono kukhala chimodzi, zosainidwa ndi hashi yonse. Kotero, tilibe wogwiritsa ntchito mmodzi, koma gulu, i.e. kusadziwika pang'ono.

Kodi ndalama za crypto zidzatsimikizira kukhala mgwirizano wabwino pakati pa "zofunika zamakedzana" zomwe ndalama zamagetsi zimawoneka kuti ndizofunika komanso kudzipereka kwachinsinsi mu gawo la kupeza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito? Mwina. Australia ikufuna kuchotsa ndalama mkati mwa zaka khumi, ndipo pobwezera, nzika zimapatsidwa mtundu wa bitcoin dziko.