Malo amalonda. Ndalama zikudikirira mumlengalenga, ingoyambitsani roketi

Ngakhale m’nthano zopeka za sayansi, timapezamo zitsanzo za maulendo apamlengalenga mmene malingaliro abwino amagwirizanitsidwa ndi malonda. M'buku la HG Wells la 1901 lakuti The First Men in the Moon, Bambo Bedford adyera amangoganiza za golide wa mwezi, kutsutsa maganizo a sayansi a mnzake. Chifukwa chake, lingaliro lazamalonda lakhala likugwirizanitsidwa ndi lingaliro la kufufuza malo.

1. Iridium satellite foni

Makampani opanga zakuthambo padziko lonse lapansi pano ali ndi mtengo pafupifupi $340 biliyoni. Mabungwe azachuma kuchokera ku Goldman Sachs kupita ku Morgan Stanley akuneneratu kuti mtengo wake ukwera mpaka $ 1 thililiyoni kapena kupitilira apo pazaka makumi awiri zikubwerazi. Chuma cham'mlengalenga chili panjira yofanana ndi kusintha kwa intaneti: monganso nthawi ya dot-com, anthu owoneka bwino a Silicon Valley komanso malo otukuka bwino azachilengedwe adapanga chisakanizo chophulika chomwe chikuphulika ndi malingaliro atsopano abizinesi, momwemonso zoyambira zoyambira. pa mabiliyoni owala monga Elon Musk's SpaceX kapena Blue Origin yolemba Jeff Bezos. Onse awiri adapeza chuma chawo panthawi ya com boom zaka makumi awiri zapitazo.

Monga makampani apaintaneti, bizinesi yamlengalenga idakumananso ndi "kuphulika kwa baluni". Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana lino, geostationary orbit idafanana ndi malo oimikapo magalimoto pansi pabwalo lamasewera pomwe masewera omaliza a Champions League amaseweredwa. Kupita patsogolo kwa intaneti kudachulukira ndikusokonekera pafupifupi gawo lonse loyamba lazamalonda. Iridium Satellite Phone System (1) patsogolo.

2. CubeSats mtundu microsatellite

3. Mitundu yamakampani amlengalenga - mndandanda

kuchokera ku Bessemer Venture Partners

Zaka zingapo zidadutsa, ndipo bizinesi yam'mlengalenga idayamba kubwereranso m'mafunde ena. adawuka SpaceX, Elona Muska, komanso zoyambira zambiri zomwe zidangoyang'ana kwambiri ma satelayiti olumikizana ndi ma micro-communication, omwe amadziwikanso kuti ma satelayiti (2). Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, malo amaonedwa kuti ndi otseguka kwa bizinesi (3).

Tikulowa m'nthawi yatsopano yomwe makampani apadera amapereka mwayi wotchipa komanso wodalirika wa malo. Izi zitha kutsegulira njira mabizinesi atsopano ndi mafakitale monga mahotela a orbital ndi migodi ya asteroid. Chodziwika kwambiri ndi malonda a njira zoyambira mlengalenga, ma satelayiti, ndi zolipira, ndipo posachedwa, mwina, anthu. Malinga ndi lipoti la kampani yogulitsa ndalama ya Space Angels, ndalama zodziwika bwino zidayikidwa m'makampani azamayekha chaka chatha. Makampani opitilira 120 mtundu, womwe umatanthawuza ndalama mu ndalama za 3,9 biliyoni madola. M'malo mwake, bizinesi yam'mlengalenga imapangidwanso padziko lonse lapansi ndikuchitidwa ndi mabungwe ambiri kunja kwa dera lamphamvu zakuthambo, i.e.

Msikawu udakali wodziwika bwino kuposa msika waku US Zoyambira zaku China. Kwa ena zingaoneke ngati kuti nkhani yofufuza malo ili m’manja mwa boma. Sizoona. Palinso makampani apabizinesi apamlengalenga. SpaceNews inanena posachedwa kuti oyambitsa awiri aku China adayesa bwino ndikuwonetsa ma roketi ngati maziko opangira magalimoto oyambitsiranso. Malinga ndi a Reuters, adaganiza zotsegula msika wa ma satelayiti ang'onoang'ono kumakampani apadera mchaka cha 2014, ndipo chifukwa chake, zoyambira khumi ndi zisanu za SpaceX zidapangidwa.

LinkSpace yaku China idakhazikitsa rocket yake yoyamba yoyesera mu Epulo Chithunzi cha RLV-T5, wolemera matani oposa 1,5. Amatchedwanso NewLine-1Malinga ndi SpaceNews, mu 2021 idzayesa kuyika ndalama zokwana 200 kilogalamu mu orbit.

Kampani ina, mwina yapamwamba kwambiri pamakampani Malingaliro a kampani Beijing LandSpace Technology Limited (LandSpace), posachedwapa adamaliza mayeso opambana a matani 10 Phoenix roketi injini kutulutsa mpweya / methane. Malinga ndi magwero achi China, ZQ-2 idzatha kukhazikitsa matani a 1,5 a payload mu 500 km synchronous solar orbit kapena 3600 kg mu 200 km otsika padziko lapansi. Zina zoyambira zaku China zikuphatikiza OneSpace, iSpace, ExPace - ngakhale yotsirizirayi imalandira ndalama zambiri ndi bungwe la boma la CASIC ndipo mwamwayi imakhalabe bizinesi yapayekha.

Gawo lalikulu lazayenga zabizinesi likubweranso ku Japan. M'miyezi yaposachedwa kampaniyo Malingaliro a kampani Interstellar Technologies idakhazikitsidwa bwino mumlengalenga Rocket MOMO-3, yomwe inadutsa mosavuta mzere wotchedwa Karman (makilomita 100 pamwamba pa nyanja). Cholinga chachikulu cha Interstellar ndikupangitsa kuti iziyenda mozungulira pang'onopang'ono mtengo wa boma. JAXA Agency.

Kuganiza zabizinesi, kapena kuchepetsa mtengo, kumabweretsa kuganiza kuti kuchita chilichonse padziko lapansi ndikuyambitsa ma roketi ndikokwera mtengo komanso kovuta. Kotero pali kale makampani omwe amatenga njira yosiyana. Amayesetsa kutulutsa m'mlengalenga zomwe angathe.

Chitsanzo ndi Zopangidwa mumlengalenga, yomwe imachita zoyeserera pa International Space Station ndikupanga magawo pogwiritsa ntchito kusindikiza kwa 3D. Zida, zida zosinthira ndi zida zamankhwala za ogwira nawo ntchito zitha kupangidwa mukapempha. Ubwino wake kusinthasintha kwakukulu Oraz kasamalidwe kabwino ka zinthu pa. Kuphatikiza apo, zinthu zina zimatha kupangidwa mumlengalenga. zothandiza kwambiri kuposa Padziko Lapansi, mwachitsanzo, ulusi weniweni wa kuwala. M'malingaliro ochulukirapo sichifunikanso kunyamula. zinthu zina zopangira ndi zopangira, chifukwa nthawi zambiri zimakhalapo kale. Zitsulo zimapezeka mu asteroids, ndipo madzi opangira mafuta a rocket amapezeka kale ngati ayezi pa mapulaneti ndi mwezi.

Izi ndizofunikiranso kwa bizinesi yamlengalenga. kuchepetsa chiopsezo. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa Bank of America, imodzi mwazovuta zazikulu zakhala zikuchitika zidalephera kuponya mizinga. Komabe, kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 0,79, maulendo apamtunda akhala otetezeka. Pazaka makumi awiri zapitazi, 50% yokha ya kukhazikitsidwa kwa anthu kwalephera. Mu 2016, mautumiki anayi mwa asanu sanachite bwino, ndipo mu 5 gawo la makampani amlengalenga linatsika pafupifupi XNUMX%.

Sukulu Yochepetsa Phokoso

Ngakhale maroketi atsopano ndi zowulutsira zakuthambo zimangoyimira gawo laling'ono, osati gawo lalikulu kwambiri, la ndalama zonse zomwe makampani opanga zakuthambo amapeza - poyerekeza ndi ntchito za satana monga wailesi yakanema, Broadband ndi Earth, kuwulutsa kwa rocket mochititsa chidwi nthawi zonse kumakhala kosangalatsa kwambiri. Ndipo kuti mupange ndalama zambiri, mumafunika kutengeka, kung'anima kwa malonda ndi zosangalatsa, zomwe zimamveka bwino ndi mutu wa SpaceX, Elon Musk. Chifukwa chake, mu ndege yoyesera, wamkulu wake Zoponya za Falcon Heavy iye anatumiza mu mlengalenga osati kapisozi wotopetsa, koma Galimoto ya Tesla Roadster ndi wamuthambo wodzaza "Starman" pa gudumu, zonse ku nyimbo David Bowie.

Tsopano akulengeza kuti atumiza anthu awiri m'njira yozungulira mwezi, ulendo woyamba wapaulendo wapagulu m'mbiri yonse. Choyambirira, chofanana ndi Chigoba, chosankhidwa kuti achite ntchitoyi, Yusaku Maedzawa, anafunika kupereka ndalama zokwana madola 200 miliyoni kuti akhale pampando wake. Ili ndi gawo loyamba. Komabe, popeza ndalama zonse za ntchitoyi zikuyerekezedwa pa $ 5 biliyoni, ndalama zowonjezera zidzafunika. Izi zitha kukhala zovuta chifukwa Maezawa wakhala akutumiza zidziwitso posachedwa kuti alibe zothandizira. Izi mwina ndichifukwa chake kuwuluka kwa mwezi kolengeza mokweza sikudzachitika m'zaka zingapo zikubwerazi. Funso nlakuti, kodi zilidi ndi kanthu? Kupatula apo, carousel yotsatsa ndi kutsatsa ikuzungulira.

Musk amachokera ku sukulu yochepetsera phokoso la bizinesi. Mosiyana ndi mpikisano wake wamkulu, Jeff Bezos, woyambitsa Amazon ndi space company Blue Origin. Izi zikuwoneka kuti zikutsatira mfundo ina yakale yamalonda: "Ndalama zimakonda kukhala chete." Ndizokayikitsa kuti aliyense adamvapo za zomwe Musk adanena kuti adzatumiza anthu zana nthawi imodzi muzowoneka bwino. nyenyezi. Zosadziwika bwino, komabe, ndi dongosolo la Blue Origin lopatsa alendo matikiti amphindi khumi ndi limodzi chaka chino. ntchentche m'mphepete mwa danga. Ndipo ndani akudziwa ngati zidzakwaniritsidwa m'miyezi ingapo.

Komabe SpaceX ili ndi zomwe Bezos alibe. Ndi gawo la njira zamagalimoto opangidwa ndi anthu a NASA (ngakhale Bezos adamaliza kugwira ntchito ndi bungweli pamlingo wocheperako).. Mu 2014, Boeing ndi SpaceX adalandira madongosolo kuchokera ku NASA's Commercial Crew Program. Boeing adapereka $ 4,2 biliyoni kuti achite chitukuko Makapisozi CST-100 Starliner (4) ndi SpaceX adapanga $2,6 biliyoni kuchokera kwa munthu chinjoka. NASA idati panthawiyo cholinga chake chinali kukhazikitsa imodzi mwazo kumapeto kwa 2017. Monga tikudziwira, tikuyembekezerabe kukhazikitsidwa.

4. Capsule Boeing CST-100 Starliner yokhala ndi antchito omwe ali m'bwalo - mawonedwe

Kuchedwa, nthawi zina motalika kwambiri, kumakhala kofala m'makampani opanga mlengalenga. Izi sizichitika chifukwa cha zovuta zaukadaulo komanso zachilendo zamapangidwe, komanso zovuta kwambiri zogwirira ntchito zaukadaulo wamlengalenga. Ntchito zambiri sizimakwaniritsidwa konse, chifukwa zimasokonekera chifukwa cha zovuta zomwe zimachitika. Chifukwa chake, masiku oyambira adzasinthidwa. Muyenera kuzolowera.

Mwachitsanzo, Boeing adakonza zowulukira ku International ISS mu kapisozi yake ya CST-2018 mu Ogasiti 100, yomwe ingafanane ndi ndege ya SpaceX Demo-1 mu Marichi chaka chino (5). Komabe, mu June watha, vuto lidayamba pakuyesa injini ya Starliner. Posakhalitsa, akuluakulu a Boeing adalengeza kuti kampaniyo ikuyimitsa ntchito yoyesa, yotchedwa Orbital (OFT), mpaka kumapeto kwa 2018 kapena koyambirira kwa 2019. OFT idaimitsidwanso posachedwa, ku Marichi 2019, kenako ku Epulo, Meyi, ndipo pomaliza August. Kampaniyo ikufunabe kupanga ndege yake yoyamba yoyeserera kupita ku ISS chaka chino, akuluakulu atero.

5. Kutulutsidwa kwa capsule ya Dragon Crew kuchokera kunyanja pambuyo pa mayesero a March.

Momwemonso, kapisozi wa SpaceX adachita ngozi yoyipa pakuyesa pansi mu Epulo chaka chino. Ngakhale kuti mfundozo zinali zokayikitsa poyamba kuululika, patapita masiku angapo zinaonekeratu kuti zimenezi zinachitika. Kuphulika ndi kuwonongedwa kwa chinjoka. , mwachiwonekere anazoloŵera mikhalidwe yoteroyo, ananena kuti chitukuko chomvetsa chisoni chimenechi chimapereka mpata wopangitsa Chinjoka chokhala ndi anthu kukhala chabwinoko ndi chotetezereka.

"Ndizomwe zimayesa," mkulu wa NASA Jim Bridenstine adatero m'mawu ake. "Tiphunzira, kupanga masinthidwe ofunikira, ndikupita patsogolo mosatekeseka ndi pulogalamu yathu yazamlengalenga yopangidwa ndi anthu."

Komabe, izi zikutanthauza kuchedwa kwina kwa nthawi ya mayeso a Dragon 2 (Demo-2), omwe adakonzekera Julayi 2019. kuyenda osati kuphulika. Monga momwe zinakhalira mu May, pali mavuto ndi ntchito yoyenera ya parachute Dragon 100, kotero chirichonse mwina kuchedwa. Chabwino, ndi bizinesi.

Komabe, palibe amene amakayikira kuthekera ndi luso la SpaceX kapena Boeing. Pazaka zingapo zapitazi, Muska yakhala imodzi mwamakampani omwe akugwira ntchito komanso otsogola kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Mu 2018 yokha, idakhazikitsa 21, yomwe ili pafupifupi 20% yazomwe zakhazikitsidwa padziko lonse lapansi. Amachitanso chidwi ndi zomwe wachita bwino monga luso laukadaulo kubwezeretsanso zigawo zazikulu za rocket pa nthaka yolimba (6) kapena nsanja za m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza kwa mivi ndikofunika kwambiri pochepetsa mtengo wa kuulutsa kotsatira. Komabe, ziyenera kuvomerezedwa kuti kwa nthawi yoyamba kutera bwino kwa rocket pambuyo pa ndege sikunachitike ndi SpaceX, koma ndi Blue Origin (kang'ono kakang'ono). New Shepard).

6. Kutera zigawo zazikulu za roketi ya Falcon Space X

Mtundu waukulu wa roketi yayikulu ya Musk ya Falcon Heavy - yomwe imadziwika kuti idayesedwa kale - imatha kuyambitsa matani opitilira 60 munjira yotsika ya Earth. Kugwa komaliza, Musk adavumbulutsa kapangidwe ka roketi yayikulu kwambiri. Big Falcon Rocket (BFR), galimoto yoyambitsiranso komanso makina oyendetsa ndege opangidwira ntchito yamtsogolo ya Martian.

Mu Novembala 2018, gawo lachiwiri ndi sitimayo zidasinthidwanso ndi Elon Musk ku Starship yomwe tatchulayi (7), pomwe gawo loyamba lidatchedwa. zolemetsa kwambiri. The payload to Earth orbit ndi osachepera matani 100 mu BFR. Pali malingaliro kuti Starship-Super Heavy complex itha kutulutsa matani 150 kapena kupitilira apo mu LEO (otsika Earth orbit), yomwe ndi mbiri yotsimikizika osati pakati pa omwe alipo, komanso ma roketi omwe adakonzedwa. Ulendo woyamba wa orbital wa BFR ukukonzekera 2020.

7. Kuwoneratu gulu la Starship kuchokera ku roketi ya Big Falcon.

Malo otetezeka kwambiri mumlengalenga

Kuchita naye bizinesi kwa Jeff Bezos ndikocheperako. Pansi pa mgwirizanowu, Blue Origin yake idzakweza ndi kukonzanso Test Stand 4670 ku Marshall Space Flight Center ku Huntsville, Alabama, kuti athe kuyesa kumeneko. Injini za rocket BE-3U ndi BE-4. Malo 1965, omwe adamangidwa mu 4670, adakhala ngati maziko ogwirira ntchito Saturn V akuthamanga za pulogalamu ya Apollo.

Bezos ali ndi dongosolo loyesa magawo awiri la 2021. Rockets New Glenn (dzina limachokera John Glenn, munthu woyamba ku America kuzungulira Dziko Lapansi), wokhoza kutulutsa matani 45 m'njira yotsika ya Earth. Gawo lake loyamba lapangidwa kuti lizikwera panyanja ndikugwiritsidwanso ntchito mpaka nthawi 25.

Blue Origin yamaliza kumanga fakitale yatsopano ya 70 sqm. m², yopangidwa kuti ipange miyalayi, ili pafupi ndi Kennedy Space Center ku Florida. Mapangano asainidwa kale ndi makasitomala angapo ogulitsa omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi New Glenn. Idzayendetsedwa ndi injini ya BE-4, yomwe kampaniyo imagulitsanso ku United Launch Alliance (ULA), kampani ya Lockheed Martin ndi Boeing yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 2006 kuti itumikire makasitomala aboma la US poyambitsa zolipira mumlengalenga. Mwezi watha wa Okutobala, onse awiri a Blue Origin ndi ULA adalandira makontrakiti kuchokera ku US Air Force kuti athandizire kukonza magalimoto awo otsegulira.

New Glenn amamanga pa zomwe Blue Origin adakumana nazo ndi luso la New Shepard (8) suborbital "tourist", lotchedwa Alan Shepard, woyamba ku America mumlengalenga (ndege yaifupi ya suborbital, 1961). Ndi New Shepard, yokhala ndi mipando isanu ndi umodzi, yomwe ikhoza kukhala galimoto yoyamba yapamadzi yopita ku malo chaka chino, ngakhale ... sizotsimikizika.

Jeff Bezos adatero pamsonkhano wa Wired25 Okutobala watha. -

Elon Musk amadziwika polimbikitsa lingaliro lopanga umunthu "Multiplanetary civilization". Zambiri zimadziwika za ntchito zake za mwezi ndi Martian. Panthawiyi, mutu wa Blue Origin amalankhula - ndipo kachiwiri: mopanda phokoso - kokha za Mwezi. Kampani yake idadzipereka kuti ipange woyendetsa mwezi. Blue Moon kuti apereke katundu ndipo, pamapeto pake, anthu kumtunda wa mwezi. Ndizotheka kuti zidzayambitsidwa ndikuganiziridwa mumpikisano wa NASA kwa okhala mwezi.

Kuchereza alendo kwa Orbital?

Wokongola malingaliro okopa alendo akhoza kubweretsa malonjezano ochuluka ku chiweruzo. Izi ndi zomwe zidachitika ku Space Adventures, yomwe idatsutsidwa ndi wabizinesi waku Austrian Harald McPike kuti abweze ngongole ya $ 7 miliyoni yolipira mipando pamishoni ya Soyuz kuzungulira mwezi. Komabe, izi sizimayimitsa otsatsa omwe amatsatira maulendo oyendera alendo.

Kampani ya ku America ya Orion Span, yomwe ili ku Houston, ikugwira ntchito yokonza ndege, mwachitsanzo, yomwe imalongosola kuti "hotelo yoyamba yapamwamba mumlengalenga"(zisanu). Iye Aurora Station iyenera kukhazikitsidwa mu 2021. Gulu la anthu awiri lidzaperekeza makasitomala omwe amalipira mowolowa manja omwe amawononga ndalama zoposa PLN 2,5 miliyoni usiku uliwonse, zomwe, nditchuthi cha masiku khumi ndi awiri, zimawonjezera kukhala pafupifupi PLN 30 miliyoni. Hotelo yozungulira yakhazikitsidwa kuti izizungulira Dziko lapansi "pa mphindi 90 zilizonse", ndikupereka "kutuluka ndi kulowa kwadzuwa kosawerengeka" komanso mawonedwe osayerekezeka. Ulendowu udzakhala ulendo wovuta, wofanana ndi "zochitika zenizeni za astronaut" kusiyana ndi tchuthi chaulesi.

Owona masomphenya ena olimba mtima ochokera ku Gateway Foundation, yokhazikitsidwa ndi woyendetsa ndege wakale a John Blinkow komanso wopanga mishoni yamlengalenga Tom Spilker, yemwe adagwirapo ntchito ku Jet Propulsion Laboratory, akufuna kumanga. Malo okwerera ku Cosmodrome. Izi zidzalola kuyesa konse kwasayansi kochitidwa ndi mabungwe a zakuthambo a dziko komanso zokopa alendo. Mu kanema wowoneka bwino wotumizidwa pa YouTube, mazikowo akuwonetsa mapulani ake ofunitsitsa, kuphatikiza hotelo ya Hilton-class space. Masiteshoni amayenera kuzungulira, mwina kutengera mphamvu yokoka pamagawo osiyanasiyana. Amene akufuna amapatsidwa "umembala" mu Gateway ndi kutenga nawo mbali muzojambula. Pobwezera ndalama zapachaka, timalandira "makalata", "kuchotsera zochitika" komanso mwayi wopambana ulendo waulere wopita ku spaceport.

Ntchito za Bigelow Aerospace zimawoneka zenizeni - makamaka chifukwa cha mayeso omwe amachitidwa pa ISS. Amapangira anthu odzaona mlengalenga flexible modules B330zomwe zimawola kapena "kufufuma" mumlengalenga. Kuyika kwa ma module awiri ang'onoang'ono mu orbit kunawonjezera kukhulupirika ku mapulani a Robert Bigelow. Genesis I ndi IIndipo, koposa zonse, kuyesera bwino ndi Mtengo wa BEAM. Idapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo womwewo womwe udayesedwa pa ISS kwa zaka ziwiri, kenako mu 2018 idalandiridwa ndi NASA ngati gawo lodzaza masiteshoni.