Tiyeni tichite zathu mwina pangakhale chiwembu

Zopezedwa zazikulu, malingaliro olimba mtima, zopambana zasayansi. Ma TV ali odzaza ndi mapangidwe otere, nthawi zambiri amakokomeza. Penapake mumthunzi wa "fizikiki yaikulu", LHC, mafunso ofunikira a cosmological ndi kulimbana ndi Standard Model, ofufuza ogwira ntchito mwakhama akugwira ntchito yawo mwakachetechete, akuganiza za ntchito zothandiza ndikukulitsa gawo la chidziwitso chathu sitepe ndi sitepe.

"Tiyeni tichite tokha" kungakhaledi mawu a asayansi omwe akugwira nawo ntchito yopanga maphatikizidwe a thermonuclear. Pakuti, ngakhale mayankho aakulu a mafunso aakulu, njira yothetsera mavuto othandiza, ooneka ngati opanda pake okhudzana ndi ndondomekoyi, amatha kusintha dziko lapansi.

Mwinamwake, mwachitsanzo, kudzakhala kotheka kupanga maphatikizidwe ang'onoang'ono a nyukiliya - ndi zipangizo zomwe zimagwirizana patebulo. Asayansi ku yunivesite ya Washington adapanga chipangizochi chaka chatha Z-pang'ono (1), yomwe imatha kusunga kaphatikizidwe mkati mwa 5 microseconds, ngakhale chidziwitso chachikulu chochititsa chidwi chinali miniaturization ya riyakitala, yomwe ndi yaitali mamita 1,5.

Osathandiza kwambiri, koma ofunikira kwambiri kuyesetsa ku . Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa US department of Energy (DOE), yomwe idasindikizidwa mu Okutobala 2018 mu nyuzipepala ya Physics of Plasmas, ma fusion reactor amatha kuwongolera kuthamanga kwa plasma. Mafundewa amakankhira tinthu tambiri timene timatulutsa mphamvu kuchokera mdera lomwe mukuchita, kutengera mphamvu zina zomwe zimafunikira kuti zigwirizane. Kafukufuku watsopano wa DOE akufotokoza zojambula zamakono zamakompyuta zomwe zimatha kuyang'anira ndi kuneneratu za mapangidwe a mafunde, kupatsa akatswiri a sayansi ya sayansi kuti athe kuteteza ndondomekoyi ndikusunga tinthu tating'onoting'ono. Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti ntchito yawo ithandiza pantchito yomanga ITER, mwina pulojekiti yotchuka kwambiri yoyeserera ku France.

Komanso zopambana monga kutentha kwa plasma ndi madigiri 100 miliyoni Celsius, yomwe inapezedwa kumapeto kwa chaka chatha ndi gulu la asayansi ku China Institute of Plasma Physics mu Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST), ndi chitsanzo cha kupita patsogolo kwapang'onopang'ono ku kusakaniza koyenera. Malinga ndi akatswiri omwe akufotokoza za kafukufukuyu, atha kukhala ofunikira kwambiri pantchito yomwe tatchulayi ya ITER, pomwe China ikutenga nawo gawo limodzi ndi mayiko ena 35.

Superconductors ndi zamagetsi

Dera lina lokhala ndi kuthekera kwakukulu, kumene masitepe ang'onoang'ono, olimbikira akuchitidwa m'malo mopambana kwambiri, ndilo kufunafuna zida zotentha kwambiri. (2). Tsoka ilo, pali ma alarm abodza ambiri komanso nkhawa zanthawi yake. Nthawi zambiri malipoti a rave media amakhala okokomeza kapena zabodza. Ngakhale mu malipoti ovuta kwambiri nthawi zonse pali "koma". Monga lipoti laposachedwa, asayansi ku yunivesite ya Chicago apeza superconductivity, kuthekera koyendetsa magetsi popanda kutayika pa kutentha kwambiri komwe kunalembedwapo. Pogwiritsa ntchito luso lamakono pa Argonne National Laboratory, gulu la asayansi akumaloko linaphunzira kalasi ya zipangizo zomwe zinawona kuti superconductivity pa kutentha pafupifupi -23 ° C. Uku ndikudumpha pafupifupi madigiri 50 kuchokera pa mbiri yakale yotsimikizika.

2. Superconductor mu gawo la maginito

Kugwira, komabe, ndikuti muyenera kukakamiza kwambiri. Zida zomwe zidayesedwa zinali ma hydrides. Kwa nthawi yayitali, lanthanum perhydride yakhala yosangalatsa kwambiri. Pazoyeserera, zidapezeka kuti zitsanzo zoonda kwambiri za nkhaniyi zimawonetsa superconductivity pansi pazovuta zapakati pa 150 mpaka 170 gigapascals. Zotsatirazo zidasindikizidwa mu Meyi m'magazini ya Nature, yolembedwa ndi Prof. Vitaly Prokopenko ndi Eran Greenberg.

Kuti muganizire za kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizozi, muyenera kuchepetsa kupanikizika komanso kutentha, chifukwa ngakhale mpaka -23 ° C sizothandiza kwambiri. Kugwira ntchito pa izi ndi gawo laling'ono la sayansi, lomwe likuchitika kwa zaka zambiri m'ma laboratories padziko lonse lapansi.

Zomwezo zimagwiranso ntchito pa kafukufuku wogwiritsidwa ntchito. maginito zochitika mu zamagetsi. Posachedwapa, pogwiritsa ntchito maginito amphamvu kwambiri, gulu la asayansi lapadziko lonse lapansi lapeza umboni wodabwitsa kuti mphamvu ya maginito yomwe imapezeka pamagulu ang'onoang'ono a non-magnetic oxide imatha kuwongoleredwa mosavuta pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zazing'ono zamakina. Kupezekaku, komwe kudalengezedwa mu Disembala watha mu Nature Physics, kukuwonetsa njira yatsopano komanso yosayembekezereka yowongolera maginito, mwachitsanzo, kulola kulingalira za kukumbukira kwamphamvu kwa maginito ndi ma spintronics, mwachitsanzo.

Kupeza kumeneku kumapanga mwayi watsopano wa miniaturization ya maginito a kukumbukira maselo, omwe lero ali ndi kukula kwa makumi angapo a nanometers, koma miniaturization yawo yowonjezera pogwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje odziwika ndi ovuta. Kulumikizana kwa okosijeni kumaphatikiza zochitika zingapo zosangalatsa zakuthupi monga madulidwe amitundu iwiri komanso superconductivity. Kuwongolera zamakono pogwiritsa ntchito maginito ndi gawo lodalirika kwambiri pamagetsi. Kupeza zinthu zokhala ndi zinthu zoyenera, koma zotsika mtengo komanso zotsika mtengo, kungatipangitse kukhala otsimikiza za kupanga spintronic.

ndikutopetsanso kuwononga kutentha kwamagetsi mumagetsi. Akatswiri opanga mafilimu a UC Berkeley posachedwapa apanga zinthu zowonda kwambiri (filimu makulidwe 50-100 nanometers) zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kubwezeretsa kutentha kwa zinyalala kuti apange mphamvu pamlingo womwe sunawonekerepo muukadaulo wamtunduwu. Amagwiritsa ntchito njira yotchedwa pyroelectric power conversion, yomwe kafukufuku watsopano wa uinjiniya akuwonetsa kuti ndi yoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito potentha pansi pa 100 ° C. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zitsanzo zaposachedwa kwambiri za kafukufuku mderali. Pali mazana kapena masauzande a mapulogalamu ofufuza padziko lonse lapansi okhudzana ndi kasamalidwe ka mphamvu mumagetsi.

"Sindikudziwa chifukwa chake, koma zimagwira ntchito"

Kuyesera ndi zida zatsopano, kusintha kwawo kwa magawo ndi zochitika zakuthambo ndi gawo lodalirika la kafukufuku, losachita bwino, lovuta komanso losawoneka bwino kwa atolankhani. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazofukufuku zomwe zimatchulidwa kawirikawiri m'munda wafizikiki, ngakhale kuti zinadziwika kwambiri muzofalitsa, zomwe zimatchedwa. ambiri sapambana.

Kuyesera ndi kusintha kwa magawo muzinthu nthawi zina kumabweretsa zotsatira zosayembekezereka, mwachitsanzo kusungunuka kwachitsulo okhala ndi malo osungunuka kwambiri kutentha kwa chipinda. Chitsanzo ndi kukwaniritsidwa kwaposachedwa kwa zitsanzo za golide wosungunula, yemwe nthawi zambiri amasungunuka pa 1064 ° C pa kutentha kwa chipinda, pogwiritsa ntchito malo amagetsi ndi maikulosikopu ya elekitironi. Kusintha kumeneku kunali kosinthika chifukwa kuzimitsa malo amagetsi kungathe kulimbitsanso golide. Choncho, magetsi amalowa m'zinthu zodziwika zomwe zimakhudza kusintha kwa gawo, kuphatikizapo kutentha ndi kupanikizika.

Kusintha kwa gawo kunawonedwanso panthawi yovuta kwambiri kuwala kwa laser kuwala. Zotsatira za kafukufukuyu zidasindikizidwa m'chilimwe cha 2019 m'magazini ya Nature Physics. Gulu lapadziko lonse lapansi kuti likwaniritse izi lidatsogozedwa ndi Nuh Gedik (3), pulofesa wa physics ku Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Asayansi anapeza kuti pa optically anachititsa kusungunuka, gawo kusintha kumachitika mwa mapangidwe singularities mu zinthu, wotchedwa topological chilema, amenenso zimakhudza chifukwa elekitironi ndi lattice mphamvu mu zakuthupi. Zolakwika zapachilengedwe izi, monga momwe Gedik adafotokozera m'buku lake, ndizofanana ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timapezeka muzamadzimadzi monga madzi.

Pakufufuza kwawo, asayansi adagwiritsa ntchito kaphatikizidwe ka lanthanum ndi tellurium LaTe.₃. Ofufuzawo akufotokoza kuti sitepe yotsatira idzakhala kuyesa kudziwa momwe angapangire "zowonongeka izi mwadongosolo." Mwachidziwitso, izi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito posungira deta, pomwe ma pulse opepuka angagwiritsidwe ntchito kulemba kapena kukonza zolakwika mu dongosolo, zomwe zingagwirizane ndi ntchito za data.

Ndipo popeza tidafika ku ultrafast laser pulses, kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo pazoyeserera zambiri zosangalatsa komanso zomwe zingakupangitseni kuti muzichita bwino ndi mutu womwe umawonekera nthawi zambiri m'malipoti asayansi. Mwachitsanzo, gulu la Ignacio Franco, wothandizira pulofesa wa chemistry ndi physics pa yunivesite ya Rochester, posachedwapa anasonyeza momwe ma pulse a laser angagwiritsire ntchito kusokoneza katundu wa zinthu Oraz magetsi opangira magetsi pa liwiro lothamanga kuposa njira iliyonse yomwe tikudziwa mpaka pano. Ofufuzawo adachita magalasi opyapyala okhala ndi nthawi ya miliyoni imodzi mwa biliyoni imodzi ya sekondi imodzi. M’kuphethira kwa diso, galasilo linasanduka chinthu chonga chitsulo chimene chimayendetsa magetsi. Izi zidachitika mwachangu kuposa m'dongosolo lililonse lodziwika popanda kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi. Mayendedwe akuyenda komanso mphamvu yapano imatha kuwongoleredwa posintha mawonekedwe a mtengo wa laser. Ndipo popeza imatha kuwongoleredwa, injiniya aliyense wamagetsi amawoneka ndi chidwi.

Franco anafotokoza m’buku la Nature Communications.

Maonekedwe a thupi la zochitika izi sizimamveka bwino. Franco mwiniyo amakayikira kuti njira ngati mphamvu kwambiri, i.e., kulumikizana kwa kutulutsa kapena kuyamwa kwa quanta yowala ndi gawo lamagetsi. Zikadakhala zotheka kupanga zida zamagetsi zogwira ntchito motengera zochitika izi, tikadakhala ndi gawo lina laumisiri lotchedwa Sitikudziwa Chifukwa Chiyani, Koma Zimagwira Ntchito.

Sensitivity ndi kukula kochepa

Gyroscopes ndi zida zomwe zimathandiza magalimoto, ma drones, komanso zida zamagetsi ndi zida zonyamulika kuyenda m'malo atatu-dimensional. Tsopano amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazida zomwe timagwiritsa ntchito tsiku lililonse. Poyamba, ma gyroscopes anali gulu la mawilo okhala zisa, omwe amazungulira mozungulira. Masiku ano, m'mafoni am'manja, timapeza masensa a microelectromechanical (MEMS) omwe amayesa kusintha kwa mphamvu zomwe zimagwira ntchito pamagulu awiri ofanana, oscillating ndi kusuntha mbali ina.

Ma gyroscopes a MEMS ali ndi malire okhudzidwa kwambiri. Kotero ikumanga mawonekedwe a gyroscope, opanda ziwalo zosuntha, za ntchito zomwezo zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito chodabwitsa chotchedwa Sagnac zotsatira. Komabe, mpaka pano panali vuto la miniaturization yawo. Ma gyroscope ang'onoang'ono apamwamba kwambiri omwe amapezeka ndi akulu kuposa mpira wa ping pong ndipo sakuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu ambiri. Komabe, mainjiniya ku Caltech University of Technology, motsogozedwa ndi Ali Hadjimiri, apanga makina opangira mawonekedwe atsopano kuchulukitsa mazana asanuzomwe zikudziwika mpaka pano4). Amawonjezera chidwi chake pogwiritsa ntchito njira yatsopano yotchedwa "kulimbikitsana» Pakati pa nyali ziwiri za kuwala zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu Sagnac interferometer. Chipangizo chatsopanocho chinafotokozedwa m'nkhani yofalitsidwa mu Nature Photonics November watha.

4. Gyroscope ya kuwala yopangidwa ndi Ali Hadjimiri ndi anzake. 

Kupanga makina olondola a gyroscope kumatha kusintha kwambiri mawonekedwe a mafoni. Komanso, idamangidwa ndi asayansi ochokera ku Columbia Engineering. lens loyamba lathyathyathya wokhoza molondola kuyang'ana mitundu yosiyanasiyana pa mfundo yomweyo popanda kufunikira kwa zinthu zina zingakhudze luso zithunzi zida mafoni. Ma lens osinthika a micron-thin flat ndioonda kwambiri kuposa pepala ndipo amapereka magwiridwe antchito ofanana ndi ma lens apamwamba kwambiri. Zomwe gululi lapeza, motsogozedwa ndi Nanfang Yu, pulofesa wothandizira wa physics yogwiritsidwa ntchito, akufotokozedwa mu kafukufuku wofalitsidwa m'magazini ya Nature.

Asayansi apanga magalasi osanja kuchokera ku "metatomu". Metatomu iliyonse ndi kachigawo kakang'ono ka kutalika kwa kuwala kwa kukula kwake ndipo imachedwetsa mafunde a kuwala ndi kuchuluka kosiyana. Pomanga wosanjikiza woonda kwambiri lathyathyathya wa nanostructures pa gawo lapansi ngati wandiweyani ngati tsitsi la munthu, asayansi adatha kukwaniritsa ntchito yomweyo monga wandiweyani kwambiri ndi wolemera ochiritsira dongosolo mandala. Ma metalense amatha kulowa m'malo mwa ma lens akuluakulu mofanana ndi ma TV a flatscreen alowa m'malo mwa CRT TV.

Chifukwa chiyani kugundana kwakukulu pomwe pali njira zina

Fiziki ya masitepe ang'onoang'ono imathanso kukhala ndi matanthauzo ndi matanthauzo osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo - m'malo momanga nyumba zazikulu mochititsa mantha ndi kufuna zina zazikulu, monga momwe akatswiri ambiri a sayansi amachitira, munthu akhoza kuyesa kupeza mayankho a mafunso akuluakulu pogwiritsa ntchito zida zochepetsetsa.

Ma accelerator ambiri amafulumizitsa matabwa a tinthu popanga magetsi ndi maginito. Komabe, kwa nthawi yayitali adayesa njira ina - plasma accelerators, kuthamanga kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono monga ma electron, positrons ndi ayoni pogwiritsa ntchito magetsi opangidwa ndi mafunde opangidwa mu plasma ya electron. Posachedwapa ndakhala ndikugwira ntchito yokonza mtundu wawo watsopano. Gulu la AWAKE ku CERN limagwiritsa ntchito ma protoni (osati ma elekitironi) kupanga mafunde a plasma. Kusintha kwa ma protoni kumatha kutenga tinthu tating'ono kupita kumagulu apamwamba amphamvu mu gawo limodzi lothamangira. Mitundu ina ya plasma kudzutsidwa kumunda mathamangitsidwe amafuna masitepe angapo kufika mlingo wa mphamvu yomweyo. Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti ukadaulo wawo wopangidwa ndi ma proton ukhoza kutithandiza kupanga ma accelerator ang'onoang'ono, otsika mtengo, komanso amphamvu kwambiri mtsogolo.

5. Magawo awiri ang'onoang'ono accelerator kuchokera ku DESY - zowonera

Komanso, asayansi ochokera ku DESY (yachidule kwa Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron - German electronic synchrotron) adakhazikitsa mbiri yatsopano m'munda wa miniaturization wa particle accelerators mu July. The accelerator terahertz kuchulukitsa mphamvu ya ma elekitironi olowetsedwa kuwirikiza kawiri (5). Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kukhazikitsidwa kunasintha kwambiri khalidwe la mtengo wa electron poyerekeza ndi zoyesera zam'mbuyomu ndi njirayi.

Franz Kärtner, wamkulu wa gulu la Ultrafast Optics ndi X-ray ku DESY, adafotokoza m'mawu atolankhani. -

Chipangizo chogwirizanacho chinapanga gawo lothamanga kwambiri lamphamvu kwambiri la 200 miliyoni volts pa mita (MV/m) - mofanana ndi accelerator yamakono yamphamvu kwambiri.

Komanso, chowunikira chatsopano, chocheperako ALPHA-g (6), yomangidwa ndi kampani yaku Canada ya TRIUMF ndikutumizidwa ku CERN koyambirira kwa chaka chino, ili ndi ntchito kuyeza kuthamanga kwa mphamvu yokoka kwa antimatter. Kodi antimatter imathamanga pamaso pa mphamvu yokoka padziko lapansi ndi +9,8 m/s2 (pansi), ndi -9,8 m/s2 (mmwamba), ndi 0 m/s2 (palibe mathamangitsidwe amphamvu yokoka), kapena ali ndi zina mtengo wina? Kuthekera kotsirizaku kungasinthe physics. Kachida kakang'ono ka ALPHA-g, kuwonjezera pa kutsimikizira kukhalapo kwa "anti-gravity", kutitsogolera panjira yopita ku zinsinsi zazikulu za chilengedwe chonse.

Pamlingo wocheperako, tikuyesera kuphunzira zochitika zotsika kwambiri. Pamwamba 60 biliyoni pa sekondi iliyonse itha kupangidwa ndi asayansi ochokera ku Yunivesite ya Purdue ndi mayunivesite aku China. Malinga ndi olemba a kuyesako m'nkhani yomwe idasindikizidwa miyezi ingapo yapitayo mu Physical Review Letters, kulengedwa kozungulira kotereku kumawathandiza kumvetsetsa bwino. zinsinsi .

Chinthucho, chomwe chili mozungulira kwambiri, ndi nanoparticle pafupifupi 170 nanometers m'lifupi ndi 320 nanometers kutalika, zomwe asayansi adazipanga kuchokera ku silika. Gulu lofufuzalo linalowetsa chinthu mu vacuum pogwiritsa ntchito laser, yomwe kenako imachikoka pa liwiro lalikulu. Chotsatira chidzakhala kuchita zoyesera zothamanga kwambiri, zomwe zidzalola kufufuza kolondola kwa ziphunzitso zoyamba za thupi, kuphatikizapo mitundu yachilendo ya mikangano mu vacuum. Monga mukuwonera, simuyenera kupanga ma kilomita a mapaipi ndi zowunikira zazikulu kuti mukumane ndi zinsinsi zofunika.

Mu 2009, asayansi adatha kupanga mtundu wapadera wa dzenje lakuda mu labotale yomwe imatenga mawu. Kuyambira pamenepo phokoso  zinakhala zothandiza ngati ma analogi a labotale a chinthu choyamwa kuwala. Mu pepala lofalitsidwa mu magazini Nature mu July, ofufuza pa Technion Israel Institute of Technology akufotokoza mmene iwo analenga sonic wakuda dzenje ndi kuyeza ake Hawking cheza kutentha. Miyezo imeneyi inali yogwirizana ndi kutentha komwe Hawking ananeneratu. Choncho, zikuwoneka kuti sikofunikira kupanga ulendo wopita ku dzenje lakuda kuti mufufuze.

Ndani akudziwa ngati zobisika m'mapulojekiti asayansi omwe akuwoneka ngati osagwira ntchito, m'ma labotale olimbikira komanso kuyesa mobwerezabwereza kuyesa malingaliro ang'onoang'ono, ogawikana, ndiwo mayankho a mafunso akulu kwambiri. Mbiri ya sayansi imatiphunzitsa kuti izi zikhoza kuchitika.