Misewu ya Kum'mawa kwa Ufulu: Burma, Indochina, Indonesia, Malaysia

Njira zakum'mawa kwakutali: Burma, Indochina, Indonesia, Malaysia.

Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse inali chiyambi cha kuchotsedwa kwa maiko aku Asia. Iye sanatsatire chitsanzo cha yunifolomu, mwinamwake panali kusiyana kwakukulu kuposa kufanana. Nchiyani chinatsimikizira tsogolo la mayiko a Far East mu 40s ndi 50s?

Chochitika chofunikira kwambiri m'nthawi yazomwe zapezedwa kwambiri sikunali kupezeka kwa America ndi Columbus komanso osati kuzungulira kwa dziko lapansi ndi ulendo wa Magellan, koma kupambana kwa Apwitikizi pankhondo yapamadzi padoko la Diu kumadzulo. gombe la Indian Peninsula. Pa February 3, 1509, Francisco de Almeida anagonjetsa zombo za "Aarabu" kumeneko - ndiko kuti, Amamluk ochokera ku Egypt, mothandizidwa ndi akalonga a ku Turkey ndi Asilamu a ku India - zomwe zinapangitsa Portugal kulamulira Indian Ocean. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, Azungu anayamba kulanda madera ozungulira pang’onopang’ono.

Patatha chaka chimodzi, Apwitikizi anagonjetsa Goa, zomwe zinayambitsa Chipwitikizi India, zomwe zinawonjezeka pang'onopang'ono, kufika ku China ndi Japan. Ulamuliro wa dziko la Portugal unasweka patapita zaka XNUMX pamene Adatchi anaonekera m’nyanja ya Indian Ocean, ndipo patapita zaka XNUMX, asilikali a ku Britain ndi a ku France anafika. Zombo zawo zinachokera kumadzulo - kuwoloka nyanja ya Atlantic. Kuchokera kummawa - kuchokera ku Pacific Ocean - a Spaniards, nawonso, adabwera: Philippines adagonjetsa kale adalamulidwa kuchokera kumadera aku America. Kumbali ina, anthu a ku Russia anafika panyanja ya Pacific ndi nthaka.

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XNUMX ndi XNUMX, Great Britain idapambana hegemony mu Indian Ocean. Mwala wamtengo wapatali wa chuma cha atsamunda a ku Britain unali British India (kumene ma Republics amakono a India, Pakistan ndi Bangladesh amachokera). Maiko amakono a Sri Lanka ndi Myanmar, omwe amadziwika kuti Burma, analinso pansi pa ulamuliro wa Britain India. Masiku ano Federation of Malaysia anali m'zaka za m'ma XNUMX ndi conglomeration of principalities pansi pa chitetezo cha London (Sultanate wa Brunei anasankha ufulu), ndipo tsopano Singapore wolemera anali pa nthawi imeneyo chabe osauka British linga.

Chitsanzo cha ndakatulo ya Rudyard Kipling "Mtolo wa Azungu": Umu ndi momwe kugonjetsa atsamunda kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XNUMX kunali ndi malingaliro: John Bull ndi Amalume Sam akupondaponda miyala ya umbuli, uchimo, kudya nyama, ukapolo panjira yopita ku chipululu. statue of Civilization...

Dziko la Dutch Indies linakhala dziko la Indonesia lamakono. French Indochina lero ndi Vietnam, Laos ndi Cambodia. French India - zinthu zazing'ono za ku France zomwe zili m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Deccan Peninsula - zidalumikizidwa ku Republic of India. Tsoka lofananalo linagwera ku India wachichepere wa Chipwitikizi. Chigawo cha Chipwitikizi ku Spice Islands lero ndi East Timor. Spanish India inagonjetsedwa ndi United States kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1919 ndipo lero ndi Philippines. Pomaliza, katundu wakale wa atsamunda aku Germany omwe Berlin adataya kale mu XNUMX amapanga gawo lalikulu la Independent State of Papua New Guinea. Momwemonso, madera aku Germany omwe ali kuzilumba za Pacific tsopano ndi mayiko ogwirizana ndi United States. Pomalizira pake, chuma cha atsamunda a ku Russia chinasanduka dziko la Mongolia ndipo chinakhala mbali ya China.

Zaka 1945 zapitazo, pafupifupi mayiko onse a ku Asia ankalamulidwa ndi Azungu. Otsalirawo anali ochepa—Afghanistan, Iran, Thailand, China, Japan, Bhutan—ndipo n’zokayikitsa, popeza kuti ngakhale maiko ameneŵa panthaŵi ina anakakamizika kusaina mapangano osagwirizana kapena kugwera pansi pa ulamuliro wa Azungu. Kapena pansi pa kulandidwa kwa US, monga Japan mu XNUMX. Ndipo ngakhale kuti ntchito ya US tsopano yatha - osachepera mwalamulo - zilumba zinayi zomwe zili m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Hokkaido zidakali m'manja mwa Russia, ndipo palibe mgwirizano womwe wasainidwa pakati pa mayiko awiriwa.

pangano lamtendere!

mtolo wa munthu wachikasu

Mu 1899 Rudyard Kipling adasindikiza ndakatulo yotchedwa The White Man's Burden. M'menemo, adayitanitsa kugonjetsa atsamunda ndikuwalungamitsa ndikuyambitsa kupita patsogolo kwaumisiri ndi miyambo yachikhristu, kulimbana ndi njala ndi matenda, kulimbikitsa maphunziro ndi chikhalidwe chapamwamba pakati pa anthu amtunduwu. “Katundu wa azungu” inakhala slogan ya onse otsutsa ndi ochirikiza atsamunda.

Ngati kugonjetsa atsamunda kukanakhala cholemetsa cha azungu, Ajapani anatenga katundu wina: kumasulidwa kwa anthu atsamunda a ku Asia ku ulamuliro wa Ulaya. Iwo anayamba kuchita zimenezi kumayambiriro kwa 1905, kugonjetsa Achirasha ndi kuwathamangitsa ku Manchuria, ndipo kenako anapitirizabe pa Nkhondo Yadziko I, akuthamangitsa Ajeremani kuchoka ku chuma cha atsamunda a ku China ndi kulanda zisumbu zawo za Pacific. Nkhondo za ku Japan zomwe zinatsatira zinalinso ndi mfundo zofanana, zomwe lero tingazitcha anti-imperialist ndi anti-colonial. Kupambana kwankhondo kwa 1941 ndi 1942 kunabweretsa pafupifupi chuma chonse cha atsamunda a ku Europe ndi America ku Far East ku Ufumu wa Japan, ndiyeno zovuta ndi zovuta zina zidabuka.

Ngakhale kuti anthu a ku Japan anali kuchirikiza ufulu wawo moona mtima, zochita zawo sizinasonyeze zimenezi kwenikweni. Nkhondoyo siinayende molingana ndi dongosolo lawo: adakonzekera kusewera monga 1904-1905, i.e. pambuyo pochita bwino, padzakhala gawo lodzitchinjiriza lomwe angagonjetse magulu ankhondo aku America ndi British Expeditionary Forces ndikuyamba kukambirana zamtendere. Kukambitsiranaku sikunabweretse phindu lalikulu la madera monga chitetezo chachuma ndi njira, makamaka kuchotsa mphamvu kuchokera kumadera awo aku Asia ndipo motero kuchotsedwa kwa zida zankhondo za adani ku Japan ndi kupereka malonda aulere. Panthawiyi, anthu a ku America ankafuna kumenya nkhondoyo mpaka dziko la Japan litadzipereka mopanda malire, ndipo nkhondoyo inapitirirabe.

Malinga ndi malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi, kusintha kwa ndale sikungapangidwe panthawi yankhondo: kupanga mayiko atsopano kapena kulembera anthu okhala m'madera omwe agwidwa kuti alowe usilikali (ngakhale atafuna). Tiyenera kuyembekezera kuti pangano la mtendere lisayinidwe. Malamulowa amalamulo apadziko lonse lapansi sali ochita kupanga, koma amachokera kumalingaliro - mpaka patakhala mtendere, zochitika zankhondo zitha kusintha - chifukwa chake amalemekezedwa (akuti kukhazikitsidwa kwa Ufumu wa Poland mu 1916 ndi mafumu a Germany ndi Austrian. sikunakhazikitsidwe dziko latsopano, koma kungosangalatsa komwe kulipo kuyambira 1815, "ufumu wa congresses", womwe udatengedwa kuyambira 1831, koma osathetsedwa ndi aku Russia; mgwirizano wamtendere ukadafunika kuti uthetse Ufumu wa Poland, yomwe, pambuyo pake, sinasainidwe).

Anthu a ku Japan, akuchita zinthu mogwirizana ndi malamulo a mayiko (ndi nzeru zomveka), sanalengeze ufulu wa mayiko omwe adawamasula. Izi, ndithudi, zinakhumudwitsa oimira awo andale, omwe analonjezedwa ufulu ngakhale nkhondo isanayambe. Kumbali ina, anthu okhala m’maiko omwe kale anali maiko a ku Ulaya (ndi Amereka) anakhumudwa ndi kudyeredwa masuku pamutu pazachuma kwa maiko ameneŵa ndi Ajapani, kumene ambiri anali kuwalingalira kukhala ankhanza mopanda chifukwa. Ulamuliro wa ntchito za ku Japan sunazindikire kuti zochita zawo zinali zankhanza, anthu okhala m'madera omasulidwa anachitidwa motsatira miyezo yofanana ndi anthu okhala kuzilumba zoyambirira za ku Japan. Miyezo imeneyi, komabe, inali yosiyana ndi miyezo ya m'deralo: kusiyana kunali makamaka mu nkhanza ndi kuuma.