Masilinda. Kodi muyenera kudziwa chiyani?
Kodi galimoto yaying'ono iyenera kukhala ndi masilinda 2 ndi galimoto yayikulu 12? Kodi injini ya silinda itatu kapena inayi ingakhale yabwino kwa mtundu womwewo? Palibe mwa mafunso awa omwe ali ndi yankho lomveka bwino.
Mutu wa kuchuluka kwa ma silinda mu injini zamagalimoto onyamula anthu umatuluka nthawi ndi nthawi ndipo nthawi iliyonse imayambitsa mikangano. Kwenikweni, izi zimachitika pakakhala zochitika zina za "cylindrical". Tsopano tili ndi imodzi - yofikira injini zitatu kapena ziwiri za silinda, zomwe sizinakhalepo pamsika kwazaka zambiri. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, kuchepa kwa ma cylinders sikungogwiritsidwa ntchito ku magalimoto otsika mtengo komanso ochuluka, zomwezo zimagwiranso ntchito kumagulu apamwamba. Zoonadi, pali magalimoto omwe izi sizikugwira ntchito, chifukwa chiwerengero cha ma silinda mwa iwo ndi chimodzi mwazodziwika bwino.
Chisankho cha kuchuluka kwa masilindala omwe injini yagalimoto inayake idzakhala nayo imapangidwa pakupanga mapangidwe agalimoto. Nthawi zambiri, chipinda cha injini chimapangidwira injini zokhala ndi masilinda osiyanasiyana, ngakhale pali zina. Kukula kwa galimoto pankhaniyi ndikofunika kwambiri. Kuyendetsa kuyenera kukhala kokwanira kuti galimotoyo ikhale ndi mphamvu zoyenera, ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo ndalama zokwanira kuti zidziwike pampikisano ndikukwaniritsa zofunikira zachilengedwe. Kawirikawiri, zimadziwika kuti galimoto yaing'ono imakhala ndi masilinda ochepa, ndipo yaikulu imakhala ndi zambiri. Koma molunjika bwanji? Kuyang'ana, pakali pano akuganiziridwa kuti ndi ochepa momwe angathere.
Makokedwe ofunikira kuti apange mphamvu yoyendetsa pamawilo amsewu amapangidwa mu masilindala aliwonse. Choncho, chiwerengero chokwanira cha iwo chiyenera kutengedwa kuti tipeze mgwirizano wabwino pakati pa mphamvu ndi zachuma. Mu injini zamakono, akukhulupirira kuti mulingo woyenera kwambiri ntchito buku yamphamvu pafupifupi 0,5-0,6 cm3. Choncho, injini ziwiri yamphamvu ayenera voliyumu pafupifupi 1,0-1,2 malita, atatu yamphamvu - 1.5-1.8, ndi yamphamvu zinayi - osachepera 2.0.
Komabe, opanga "amatsika" pansi pa mtengo uwu, kutenga malita 0,3-0,4, makamaka kuti akwaniritse mafuta ochepa komanso injini zazing'ono. Kutsika kwamafuta amafuta kumalimbikitsa makasitomala, zocheperako zimatanthawuza kuchepa thupi komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zochepa motero kutsika mtengo wopangira. Mukachepetsa kuchuluka kwa masilindala ndikuchepetsanso kukula kwake, mupeza phindu lalikulu pakupanga voliyumu yayikulu. Komanso chilengedwe, monga magalimoto mafakitale amafuna zochepa zipangizo ndi mphamvu.
Kodi mphamvu yabwino ya silinda imodzi ya 0,5-0,6 l imachokera kuti? Kulinganiza mfundo zina. Silinda ikakulirakulira, ndiye kuti imatulutsa torque, koma imachedwa. Kulemera kwa zigawo zomwe zimagwira ntchito mu silinda, monga pisitoni, pistoni, ndi ndodo yolumikizira, zidzakhala zazikulu, kotero zidzakhala zovuta kusuntha. Kuwonjezeka kwa liwiro sikungakhale kothandiza ngati mu silinda yaing'ono. Zing'onozing'ono za silinda, zimakhala zosavuta kukwaniritsa rpm chifukwa unyinji wa pistoni, pistoni ndi ndodo yolumikizira ndizochepa komanso zimathamanga mosavuta. Koma silinda yaying'ono sipanga ma torque ambiri. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kuvomereza mtengo wina wakusamuka kwa silinda imodzi kuti magawo awiriwa akhale okhutiritsa pakugwiritsa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku.
Ngati titenga voliyumu imodzi yogwira ntchito ya malita 0,3-0,4, ndiye kuti muyenera "kubwezera" kusowa kwa mphamvu. Masiku ano, izi zimachitika ndi supercharger, nthawi zambiri turbocharger kapena turbocharger, ndi makina opangira makina kuti akwaniritse torque yotsika mpaka yapakati. Supercharging imakulolani "kupopa" mpweya wambiri mu chipinda choyaka moto. Ndi iyo, injini imalandira mpweya wochuluka ndikuwotcha mafuta bwino. Makokedwe amawonjezeka ndipo ndi mphamvu pazipita, mtengo kuwerengeredwa makokedwe injini ndi RPM. Chida chowonjezera cha opanga ndi jekeseni wachindunji wa petulo, womwe umalola kuyatsa mafuta osakanikirana ndi mpweya.
Ma injini ang'onoang'ono oterowo, ma silinda 2 kapena 3, okhala ndi voliyumu yogwira ntchito ya 0.8-1.2, amaposa injini zamasilinda anayi osati m'magawo ang'onoang'ono, komanso kukana kwamakina otsika ndikufikira kutentha kwambiri. Izi ndichifukwa choti silinda "yodulidwa" iliyonse, kuchuluka kwa magawo omwe amafunikira kutentha, komanso kusuntha ndikupanga mikangano, kumachepa. Koma mainjini ang'onoang'ono okhala ndi masilinda ochepa amakhala ndi mavuto akulu. Chofunikira kwambiri ndizovuta zaukadaulo (jekeseni wolunjika, kukwera kwakukulu, nthawi zina kulipiritsa kawiri) komanso kuchita bwino komwe kumachepetsa kwambiri pakuwonjezeka kwa katundu. Ichi ndichifukwa chake ndizowotcha mafuta ndikuyenda bwino mumayendedwe otsika mpaka apakati. Moyenera ndi mfundo zoyendetsera eco, monganso opanga ena amapangira. Kuyendetsa kukakhala kwachangu komanso kwamphamvu ndipo injini imasinthasintha pafupipafupi, kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta kumawonjezeka kwambiri. Zimachitika kuti mlingo ndi wapamwamba kuposa wa injini mwachibadwa aspirated ndi kusamuka lalikulu, ambiri masilindala ndi mphamvu ofanana.
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Nzosadabwitsa kuti ena akuyesera kupeza njira zina zopezera cholinga chomwecho. Mwachitsanzo, lingaliro linalake loyiwalika loletsa masilindala ena limagwiritsidwa ntchito. Pa injini yotsika kwambiri, makamaka poyendetsa pa liwiro lokhazikika, kufunikira kwa mphamvu sikungatheke. Galimoto yaying'ono imafuna 50 hp pa liwiro lokhazikika la 8 km / h. kugonjetsa kukana kugubuduza ndi kukokera kwa aerodynamic. Cadillac adagwiritsa ntchito masilinda a shutoff mu injini zawo za V8 mu 1981 koma adathetsa izi mwachangu. Kenako Corvettes, Mercedes, Jeeps ndi Hondas anali ndi masilindala "ochotsedwa". Kuchokera kuzinthu zachuma za ntchito, lingaliroli ndilosangalatsa kwambiri. Injini ikachuluka, ma silinda ena amasiya kugwira ntchito, samapatsidwa mafuta, ndipo kuyatsa kumatsekedwa. Injini ya V8 imakhala V6 kapena V4.
Tsopano lingaliro lakhazikitsidwa mu 3 yamphamvu. M'kope laposachedwa, zinthu zina zomwe zimalepheretsa masilindala awiri mwa anayiwo amalemera 2000 kg okha, ndipo ndalama zowonjezera pamakina ndi PLN 0,4. Popeza ubwino wokhudzana ndi kuchepetsa kugwiritsira ntchito mafuta ndi kochepa (pafupifupi 0,6-100 l / 1 Km, ndikuyendetsa pang'onopang'ono mpaka 100 l / 100 km), akuti pafupifupi XNUMX makilomita oyendayenda amafunika kuti alowe. ndalama zowonjezera. Komabe, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti kuzimitsa masilindala sikutsutsana ndi kuchepa kwenikweni kwa ma cylinders. Mu masilindala "olumala", mphamvu ndi kuyatsa zimazimitsidwa, ndipo mavavu sagwira ntchito (kukhalabe otsekedwa), koma ma pistoni amagwirabe ntchito, kupanga mikangano. Kukaniza kwamakina kwa injini sikunasinthe, chifukwa chake kupindula kwamafuta amafuta kumakhala kochepa kwambiri pakuwonjezeka. Kulemera kwa galimoto yoyendetsa galimoto ndi chiwerengero cha zinthu zomwe ziyenera kupangidwa, kusonkhanitsa ndi kubweretsa kutentha kwa ntchito pamene injini ikugwira ntchito sizikuchepetsedwa.
Komabe, mphamvu ndi zachuma sizinthu zonse. Chikhalidwe ndi phokoso la injini zimadaliranso kuchuluka kwa ma silinda. Sikuti ogula onse angathe kulekerera phokoso la injini ya silinda iwiri kapena itatu. Makamaka popeza madalaivala ambiri azolowera kumveka kwa injini zamasilinda anayi pazaka zambiri. Ndikofunikiranso kuti, mwachidule, kuchuluka kwa masilindala kumathandizira pachikhalidwe cha injini. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kusiyanasiyana kwa ma crank system a ma drive unit, omwe amapanga kugwedezeka kwakukulu, makamaka pamakina awiri ndi ma silinda atatu. Kuti athetse vutoli, opanga amagwiritsa ntchito mitsinje yofananira.
Ma cylinder anayi pankhani ya kugwedezeka amachita bwino kwambiri. Mwinamwake posachedwapa tidzatha kuiwala za injini zodziwika bwino, pafupifupi bwino bwino komanso "velvety" yogwira ntchito, monga V-woboola pakati "six" ndi ngodya ya silinda ya 90º. Amatha kusinthidwa ndi injini zazing'ono komanso zopepuka za silinda zinayi, kukondweretsa okonda "kudula" masilindala, kapena otchedwa "kuchepetsa". Tiyeni tiwone kuti injini za V8 ndi V12 zomwe zikugwira ntchito bwino zidzadziteteza bwanji mu sedans ndi coupes. Pali kale zitsanzo zoyamba za kusintha kwa m'badwo wotsatira wa chitsanzocho kuchokera ku VXNUMX kupita ku VXNUMX. Malo okhawo a injini m'magalimoto a supersports akuwoneka ngati osatsutsika, pomwe ma silinda khumi ndi asanu ndi limodzi amatha kuwerengedwa.
Palibe silinda imodzi yomwe imatsimikizira zam'tsogolo. Chikhumbo chochepetsera ndalama komanso chilengedwe ndizovuta kwambiri masiku ano, chifukwa izi zimapangitsa kuti mafuta azitsika komanso kuchepetsa mpweya wa carbon. Kungoti kutsika kwamafuta amafuta kumangokhala chiphunzitso cholembedwa poyezera ndipo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito potsimikizira. Ndipo m’moyo, monga m’moyo, zimachitika m’njira zosiyanasiyana. Komabe, ndizovuta kuchoka kumayendedwe amsika. Ofufuza zamagalimoto amaneneratu kuti pofika chaka cha 2020, 52% ya injini zomwe zimatulutsidwa padziko lapansi zidzakhala ndi malita 1,0-1,9, ndipo omwe mpaka 150 hp adzakhala okhutira ndi masilinda atatu okha. Tiyerekeze kuti palibe amene angabwere ndi lingaliro lomanga galimoto ya silinda imodzi.
