Chotero chopanda pake chimenecho chimaleka kukhala chachabechabe

Vacuum ndi malo omwe, ngakhale simukuwona, zambiri zimachitika. Komabe, kuti apeze zomwe kwenikweni zimafunikira mphamvu zambiri kotero kuti mpaka posachedwapa zinali zosatheka kuti asayansi ayang'ane m'dziko la tinthu tating'onoting'ono. Anthu ena akasiya zinthu ngati zimenezi, n’zosatheka kuti ena aziwalimbikitsa kuti ayese.

Malinga ndi chiphunzitso cha quantum, malo opanda kanthu amadzazidwa ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayenda pakati pa kukhala ndi kusakhalapo. Iwo alinso osadziwika kwathunthu - pokhapokha titakhala ndi china champhamvu chowapeza.

“Kaŵirikaŵiri, anthu akamalankhula za malo opanda kanthu, amatanthauza chinthu chimene chilibe kanthu,” anatero katswiri wa sayansi ya sayansi Mattias Marklund wa Chalmers University of Technology ku Gothenburg, Sweden, m’magazini ya January ya NewScientist.

Zikuwoneka kuti laser imatha kuwonetsa kuti ilibe kanthu konse.

Electron m'lingaliro lowerengera

Tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndi lingaliro la masamu mu quantum field theories. Ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timawonetsa kupezeka kwawo kudzera muzochita, koma kumaphwanya mfundo ya chipolopolo cha misa.

Tinthu tating'onoting'ono timapezeka muzolemba za Richard Feynman. Malinga ndi chiphunzitso chake, tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tambirimbiri. Ma elekitironi akuthupi kwenikweni ndi ma electron otulutsa ma photons, omwe amawola kukhala ma electron-positron awiriawiri, omwe amalumikizana ndi ma photons - ndi zina zotero. Electroni "yakuthupi" ndi njira yopitilira kugwirizana pakati pa ma elekitironi, ma positron, ma photons, ndipo mwina tinthu tating'onoting'ono. "Zowona" za electron ndi lingaliro lachiwerengero. Sizingatheke kunena kuti ndi gawo liti la seti iyi yomwe ili yeniyeni. Zimangodziwika kuti kuchuluka kwa milandu ya tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayambitsa electron (i.e., kunena mophweka, payenera kukhala electron imodzi yowonjezereka kuposa yomwe ilipo) ndi kuti kuchuluka kwa misa ya particles onse amalenga unyinji wa elekitironi.

Ma electron-positron awiriawiri amapangidwa mu vacuum. Tinthu tating'ono ting'onoting'ono tabwino, mwachitsanzo proton, imakopa ma elekitironi awa ndikuthamangitsa ma positroni (mothandizidwa ndi mafotoni enieni). Izi zimatchedwa vacuum polarization. Ma electron-positron awiriawiri amazunguliridwa ndi pulotoni

amapanga dipoles ang'onoang'ono omwe amasintha munda wa proton ndi magetsi awo. Mphamvu yamagetsi ya pulotoni yomwe timayezera siili ya pulotoni yokha, koma ya dongosolo lonse, kuphatikizapo awiriawiri enieni.

Laser mu vacuum

Chifukwa chomwe timakhulupirira kuti tinthu tating'onoting'ono timabwereranso ku maziko a quantum electrodynamics (QED), nthambi ya physics yomwe imayesa kufotokoza kugwirizana kwa photon ndi ma electron. Popeza kuti chiphunzitsochi chinapangidwa m’zaka za m’ma 30, akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo akhala akudabwa momwe angathanirane ndi vuto la tinthu tating’ono tomwe timafunikira masamu koma sitingaoneke, kumva kapena kumva.

QED imasonyeza kuti mwachidziwitso, ngati tipanga magetsi okwanira okwanira, ndiye kuti ma electron omwe amatsagana nawo (kapena kupanga mawerengero a conglomerate otchedwa electron) adzawulula kukhalapo kwawo ndipo kudzakhala kotheka kuwazindikira. Mphamvu yofunikira pa izi iyenera kufika ndi kupitirira malire omwe amadziwika kuti Schwinger malire, kupitirira pamene, monga momwe amasonyezera mophiphiritsira, vacuum imataya katundu wake wakale ndipo imasiya kukhala "chopanda kanthu". Chifukwa chiyani sizophweka? Malinga ndi malingaliro, kuchuluka kofunikira kwa mphamvu kuyenera kukhala kofanana ndi mphamvu yonse yomwe imapangidwa ndi magetsi onse padziko lapansi - nthawi zina biliyoni.

Chinthucho chikuwoneka ngati chosatheka. Komabe, monga momwe zimakhalira, osati ngati munthu agwiritsa ntchito njira ya laser ya ultra-short, high-intensity optical pulses, yopangidwa mu 80s ndi opambana a Nobel Prize chaka chatha, Gérard Mourou ndi Donna Strickland. Mourou mwiniwake adanena poyera kuti mphamvu za giga-, tera-, komanso petawatt zomwe zimapezedwa muzithunzithunzi zapamwamba za laser zimapanga mwayi wothyola mpweya. Malingaliro ake adaphatikizidwa mu projekiti ya Extreme Light Infrastructure (ELI), mothandizidwa ndi ndalama za ku Europe ndikupangidwa ku Romania. Pali ma laser awiri a 10-petawatt pafupi ndi Bucharest omwe asayansi akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito kuthana ndi malire a Schwinger.

Komabe, ngakhale titakwanitsa kuthana ndi kuchepa kwa mphamvu, zotsatira zake - ndi zomwe zidzawonekere m'maso mwa akatswiri afizikiki - zimakhala zosatsimikizika kwambiri. Pankhani ya tinthu tating'onoting'ono, njira yofufuzira imayamba kulephera, ndipo kuwerengera sikumvekanso. Kuwerengera kosavuta kumawonetsanso kuti ma laser awiri a ELI amapanga mphamvu zochepa. Ngakhale mitolo inayi yophatikizidwa ikadali yocheperako nthawi 10 kuposa momwe ingafunikire. Komabe, asayansi sakhumudwitsidwa ndi izi, chifukwa amawona malire amatsenga awa osati malire akuthwa, koma gawo la kusintha pang'onopang'ono. Chifukwa chake amayembekeza zotsatirapo zina ngakhale ndi mphamvu zochepa.

Ofufuza ali ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana olimbikitsa matabwa a laser. Chimodzi mwa izo ndi lingaliro lachilendo kwambiri lowunikira ndi kukulitsa magalasi omwe amayenda pa liwiro la kuwala. Mfundo zina ndi monga kukulitsa matabwawo powombana ndi mitengo ya mafotoni ndi mizati ya ma elekitironi, kapena kugundana kwa nyali za laser, zimene asayansi a pa malo ofufuza a China Station of Extreme Light ku Shanghai akuti akufuna kuchita. Kugunda kwakukulu kwa ma photon kapena ma electron ndi lingaliro latsopano komanso losangalatsa lomwe liyenera kuwonedwa.