Bwanji ngati ... timathetsa mavuto ofunikira mufizikiki. Chilichonse chikudikirira chiphunzitso chomwe palibe chomwe chingabwere

Zomwe zingatipatse yankho la zinsinsi zotere monga zinthu zamdima ndi mphamvu zamdima, chinsinsi cha chiyambi cha chilengedwe, chilengedwe cha mphamvu yokoka, ubwino wa chinthu kuposa antimatter, kuwongolera nthawi, kugwirizana kwa mphamvu yokoka ndi zochitika zina zakuthupi. , kugwirizana kwakukulu kwa mphamvu za chilengedwe kukhala maziko amodzi, kufikira chimene chimatchedwa chiphunzitso cha chirichonse?

Malinga ndi Einstein ndi akatswiri ena ambiri amakono odziwika bwino, cholinga cha physics ndicho kupanga chiphunzitso cha chilichonse (TV). Komabe, lingaliro la chiphunzitso choterocho siliri lomveka. Imadziwika kuti chiphunzitso cha chilichonse, ToE ndi chiphunzitso chakuthupi chomwe chimangofotokoza chilichonse zochitika zakuthupi ndipo amakulolani kulosera zotsatira za kuyesa kulikonse. Masiku ano, mawuwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kufotokoza malingaliro omwe amayesa kulumikizana nawo chiphunzitso chonse cha relativity. Pakalipano, palibe imodzi mwa ziphunzitsozi yomwe yalandira chitsimikiziro choyesera.

Pakalipano, chiphunzitso chapamwamba kwambiri chodzinenera kuti ndi TW chimachokera pa mfundo ya holographic. 11-dimensional M-theory. Sichinapangidwebe ndipo ambiri amachilingalira kukhala chitsogozo cha chitukuko osati chiphunzitso chenichenicho.

Asayansi ambiri amakayikira kuti chinachake chonga "chiphunzitso cha chirichonse" n'chotheka, ndipo m'lingaliro lofunika kwambiri, lochokera pamalingaliro. Theorem Kurt Gödel akunena kuti dongosolo lililonse lomveka lokwanira lokwanira limakhala losagwirizana mkati (wina akhoza kutsimikizira chiganizo ndi kutsutsana kwake) kapena chosakwanira (pali ziganizo zenizeni zomwe sizingatsimikizidwe). Stanley Jackie adanena mu 1966 kuti TW iyenera kukhala chiphunzitso chovuta komanso chogwirizana cha masamu, kotero sichidzakhala chosakwanira.

Pali njira yapadera, yapachiyambi komanso yamaganizo ya chiphunzitso cha chirichonse. holographic hypothesis (1), kusamutsira ntchitoyi ku dongosolo losiyana pang'ono. Fiziki ya mabowo akuda ikuwoneka kuti ikuwonetsa kuti chilengedwe chathu sichomwe mphamvu zathu zimatiuza. Chowonadi chomwe chimatizungulira chikhoza kukhala hologram, i.e. kuwonetsera kwa ndege ya mbali ziwiri. Izi zikugwiranso ntchito ku lingaliro la Gödel palokha. Koma kodi chiphunzitso chotero cha chirichonse chimathetsa mavuto alionse, kodi chimatilola kulimbana ndi zovuta za chitukuko?

Fotokozani za chilengedwe. Koma kodi chilengedwe n’chiyani?

Pakali pano tili ndi ziphunzitso ziwiri zomwe zimalongosola pafupifupi zochitika zonse zakuthupi: Lingaliro la Einstein la mphamvu yokoka (General relativity) i. Yoyamba ikufotokoza bwino kayendetsedwe ka zinthu zazikulu, kuchokera ku mipira ya mpira kupita ku milalang'amba. amadziwa kwambiri ma atomu ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono. Vuto ndiloti ziphunzitso ziwirizi zikufotokoza dziko lathu mu njira zosiyana kotheratu. Mu quantum mechanics, zochitika zimachitika motsutsana ndi maziko osakhazikika. nthawi ya danga - pomwe w ndi wosinthika. Kodi chiphunzitso cha quantum of curved space-time chiwoneka bwanji? Sitikudziwa.

Kuyesera koyamba kupanga chiphunzitso chogwirizana cha chirichonse chinawonekera posakhalitsa kusindikizidwa chiphunzitso chonse cha relativitytisanamvetse malamulo ofunikira oyendetsera mphamvu za nyukiliya. Malingaliro awa, omwe amadziwika kuti Kaluzi-Klein theory, ankafuna kuphatikiza mphamvu yokoka ndi electromagnetism.

Kwa zaka zambiri, chiphunzitso cha zingwe, chomwe chimayimira chinthu ngati chopangidwa ndi zingwe zing'onozing'ono zonjenjemera kapena mphamvu kuzungulira, imatengedwa kuti ndiyo yabwino kwambiri popanga chiphunzitso chogwirizana cha physics. Komabe, akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo amakonda kmphamvu yokoka yokhala ndi chingwemomwe thambo lenilenilo limapangidwa ndi timaluko ting'onoting'ono. Komabe, ngakhale chiphunzitso cha zingwe kapena loop quantum gravity sichinayesedwe moyesera.

Grand unified theories (GUTs), kuphatikiza quantum chromodynamics ndi chiphunzitso cha ma electroweak interactions, zimayimira kuyanjana kwamphamvu, kofooka ndi ma electromagnetic monga chiwonetsero cha kuyanjana kumodzi. Komabe, palibe chiphunzitso chimodzi cham'mbuyomu chachikulu chogwirizana chomwe chidalandira chitsimikiziro choyesera. Chinthu chodziwika bwino cha chiphunzitso chogwirizana chachikulu ndicho kulosera za kuwonongeka kwa pulotoni. Njirayi sinawonedwebe. Izi zikutanthauza kuti moyo wa proton uyenera kukhala zaka 1032.

1968 Standard Model inagwirizanitsa mphamvu zamphamvu, zofooka, ndi zamagetsi pansi pa ambulera imodzi yokulirapo. Tinthu tating'onoting'ono tokha komanso zochita zawo zaganiziridwa, ndipo maulosi ambiri atsopano adapangidwa, kuphatikiza umodzi wolosera. Pa mphamvu zazikulu, pa dongosolo la 100 GeV (mphamvu yofunikira kuti ifulumizitse electron imodzi ku mphamvu ya volts 100 biliyoni), symmetry yogwirizanitsa mphamvu zamagetsi ndi zofooka zidzabwezeretsedwa.

Kukhalapo kwa atsopano kunanenedweratu, ndipo ndi kupezedwa kwa ma W ndi Z bosons mu 1983, maulosi amenewa anatsimikiziridwa. Mphamvu zinayi zazikuluzikulu zidachepetsedwa kukhala zitatu. Lingaliro la kugwirizana ndikuti mphamvu zonse zitatu za Standard Model, ndipo mwina ngakhale mphamvu yokoka yamphamvu yokoka, imaphatikizidwa kukhala gawo limodzi.

2. The Langrange equation kufotokoza Standard Model, yogawidwa mu zigawo zisanu.

Ena amanena kuti pa mphamvu zambiri, mwina mozungulira Planck scale, mphamvu yokoka idzaphatikizananso. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa zazikulu za chiphunzitso cha zingwe. Chosangalatsa kwambiri pamalingaliro awa ndikuti ngati tikufuna kugwirizana, tiyenera kubwezeretsa symmetry pamphamvu zapamwamba. Ndipo ngati iwo athyoledwa pakali pano, zimatsogolera ku chinthu chowoneka, tinthu tatsopano komanso kuyanjana kwatsopano.

Lagrangian wa Standard Model ndiye equation yokhayo yomwe ikufotokoza tinthu tating'onoting'ono i mphamvu ya Standard Model (2). Zili ndi magawo asanu odziyimira pawokha: za gluons mu zone 1 ya equation, mafupa ofooka m'gawo lolembedwa ndi awiri, olembedwa ndi atatu, ndikufotokozera masamu momwe zinthu zimayendera ndi mphamvu yofooka ndi gawo la Higgs, tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timachotsa. owonjezera Higgs munda mbali yachinayi, ndi mizimu anafotokoza pansi asanu Fadeev-Popovzomwe zimakhudza redundancy ya kuyanjana kofooka. Magulu a Neutrino samaganiziridwa.

Ngakhale Mtundu wamba titha kulemba ngati equation imodzi, sikuti ndi ofanana m'lingaliro lakuti pali mawu ambiri osiyana, odziimira omwe amalamulira zigawo zosiyanasiyana za chilengedwe. Zigawo zosiyana za Standard Model sizimalumikizana wina ndi mzake, chifukwa mtengo wamtundu sukhudza maginito amagetsi ndi ofooka, ndipo mafunso amakhalabe osayankhidwa chifukwa chake kugwirizana komwe kuyenera kuchitika, mwachitsanzo, kuphwanya kwa CP muzochita zamphamvu, sikugwira ntchito. kuchitika.

Pamene ma symmetries abwezeretsedwa (pachimake cha kuthekera), mgwirizano umapezeka. Komabe, kusweka kwa symmetry kumunsi kwenikweni kumagwirizana ndi chilengedwe chomwe tili nacho masiku ano, pamodzi ndi mitundu yatsopano ya tinthu tating'onoting'ono. Ndiye kodi mfundo imeneyi iyenera kukhala yotani? Mmodzi yemwe ali, i.e. chilengedwe chenicheni cha asymmetric, kapena chimodzi komanso chofanana, koma osati chomwe tikulimbana nacho.

Kukongola konyenga kwa zitsanzo "zathunthu".

Lars English, mu The No Theory of Everything, akunena kuti palibe gulu limodzi la malamulo lomwe lingathe kuphatikiza ubale wamba ndi quantum mechanicschifukwa zomwe ziri zoona pa mlingo wa quantum sizowona kwenikweni pa mlingo wa mphamvu yokoka. Ndipo dongosolo lalikulu ndi lovuta kwambiri, limasiyana kwambiri ndi zinthu zake. "Mfundoyi si yakuti malamulowa a mphamvu yokoka amatsutsana ndi makina a quantum, koma kuti sangachoke ku quantum physics," akulemba.

Sayansi yonse, mwadala kapena ayi, imachokera pamalingaliro a kukhalapo kwawo. malamulo akuthupi omwe ali ndi cholingazomwe zimaphatikizapo ndondomeko zofananira zomwe zimalongosola khalidwe la chilengedwe ndi zonse zomwe zili mmenemo. Zoonadi, chiphunzitso choterocho sichimaphatikizapo kufotokoza kwathunthu kapena kufotokoza zonse zomwe zilipo, koma, mosakayika, limafotokoza momveka bwino njira zonse zotsimikizirika za thupi. Zomveka, chimodzi mwazabwino zaposachedwa pakumvetsetsa kotereku kwa TW kungakhale kuyimitsa kuyesa komwe chiphunzitsocho chimaneneratu zotsatira zoyipa.

Akatswiri ambiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo adzasiya kufufuza n’kuyamba kuphunzitsa, osati kufufuza. Komabe, anthu mwina sasamala ngati mphamvu yokoka ingafotokozedwe malinga ndi kupindika kwa nthawi ya mlengalenga.

Inde, pali kuthekera kwina - Chilengedwe sichingagwirizane. Ma symmetries omwe tafikako ndi masamu omwe tapanga tokha ndipo samafotokoza chilengedwe chowoneka.

M'nkhani yapamwamba ya Nautil.Us, Sabina Hossenfelder (3), wasayansi ku Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Study, adawona kuti "lingaliro lonse la chiphunzitso cha chirichonse likuchokera ku lingaliro losagwirizana ndi sayansi." "Iyi si njira yabwino kwambiri yopangira malingaliro asayansi. (…) Kudalira kukongola pakukulitsa chiphunzitso kwakhala kosagwira ntchito bwino m’mbiri.” M'malingaliro ake, palibe chifukwa choti chilengedwe chifotokozedwe ndi chiphunzitso cha chilichonse. Ngakhale kuti timafunikira chiphunzitso cha kuchuluka kwa mphamvu yokoka kuti tipewe kusagwirizana kwa malamulo a chilengedwe, mphamvu za mu Standard Model siziyenera kugwirizana ndipo siziyenera kugwirizana ndi mphamvu yokoka. Zingakhale zabwino, inde, koma sizofunika. Chitsanzo chokhazikika chimagwira ntchito bwino popanda kugwirizana, wofufuzayo akutsindika. Chilengedwe sichisamala zomwe akatswiri asayansi amaganiza kuti ndi masamu okongola, akutero Ms. Hossenfelder mokwiya. Mu fizikiki, zopambana mu chitukuko cha chiphunzitso zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi yankho la kusagwirizana kwa masamu, osati ndi zitsanzo zokongola komanso "zomaliza".

Ngakhale amalangizidwa mozama, malingaliro atsopano a chiphunzitso cha chilichonse akuperekedwa patsogolo, monga Garrett Lisi's The Exceptionally Simple Theory of Chilichonse, yofalitsidwa mu 2007. Ili ndi mawonekedwe omwe Prof. Hossenfelder ndi wokongola ndipo amatha kuwonetsedwa mokongola ndi zowoneka bwino (4). Nthanthi imeneyi, yotchedwa E8, imati chinsinsi chomvetsetsa chilengedwe ndi chinthu cha masamu mu mawonekedwe a symmetrical rosette.

Lisi adapanga izi polemba tinthu tating'ono pa graph yomwe imaganiziranso kuyanjana komwe kumadziwika. Zotsatira zake ndi masamu ovuta asanu ndi atatu a 248 points. Iliyonse mwa mfundo izi imayimira tinthu tating'onoting'ono tosiyanasiyana. Pali gulu la tinthu tating'ono m'chithunzicho ndi zinthu zina zomwe "zikusowa". Zina mwa "zosowa" mwamwambozi zimakhala ndi chochita ndi mphamvu yokoka, kutseka kusiyana pakati pa quantum mechanics ndi relativity wamba.

4. Chiphunzitso chowoneka E8

Choncho akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo ayenera kugwira ntchito kuti akwaniritse "Fox socket". Ngati zitheka, chidzachitika bwanji? Ambiri amayankha monyoza kuti palibe chapadera. Chithunzi chokongola chokha chikanatha. Kumanga kumeneku kungakhale kwamtengo wapatali m’lingaliro limeneli, chifukwa kumatisonyeza zimene zotsatira zenizeni za kutsiriza “nthanthi ya chirichonse” zikanakhala. Mwina zosafunika kwenikweni.