Bwanji ngati…titapeza ma superconductors otentha kwambiri? Kumanga kwa chiyembekezo

Mizere yopatsirana yopanda kutayika, uinjiniya wamagetsi otsika kutentha, maginito apamwamba kwambiri, pomaliza kumakakamira pang'onopang'ono madigiri mamiliyoni a plasma m'manyukiliya a thermonuclear, njanji yabata komanso yachangu ya maglev. Tili ndi ziyembekezo zambiri za superconductors ...

Kutengera kwambiri chikhalidwe cha zinthu za zero kukana magetsi amatchedwa. Izi zimatheka mu zipangizo zina pa kutentha kwambiri. Anapeza chodabwitsa ichi cha quantum Camerling Onnes (1) mu mercury, mu 1911. Classical physics imalephera kufotokoza izo. Kuphatikiza pa kukana zero, chinthu china chofunikira cha superconductors ndi kukankhira mphamvu ya maginito kuchokera ku mphamvu yakezomwe zimatchedwa Meissner effect (mu mtundu wa I superconductors) kapena kuyang'ana kwa maginito mu "vortices" (mu mtundu wa II superconductors).

Ma superconductors ambiri amagwira ntchito pa kutentha pafupi ndi zero. Akuti 0 Kelvin (-273,15 °C). Kusuntha kwa ma atomu pa kutentha kumeneku pafupifupi kulibe. Ichi ndiye chinsinsi cha superconductors. Mwa nthawi zonse ma elekitironi kusuntha kokondakita kugundana ndi maatomu ena onjenjemera, kuchititsa kutaya mphamvu ndi kukana. Komabe, tikudziwa kuti superconductivity ndizotheka pa kutentha kwakukulu. Pang'onopang'ono, tikupeza zida zomwe zimawonetsa izi paminus Celsius, ndipo posachedwa ngakhale kuphatikiza. Komabe, izi nthawi zambiri zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kuthamanga kwambiri. Loto lalikulu ndikupanga ukadaulo uwu kutentha kwapakati popanda kupanikizika kwakukulu.

Maziko akuthupi a maonekedwe a chikhalidwe cha superconductivity ndi mapangidwe awiriawiri a katundu grabbers - otchedwa Cooper. Mawiri otere amatha kubwera chifukwa cha mgwirizano wa ma elekitironi awiri omwe ali ndi mphamvu zofanana. Fermi energy,ndi. mphamvu yaing'ono kwambiri yomwe mphamvu ya fermionic system idzawonjezeka pambuyo pa kuwonjezera kwa chinthu chimodzi, ngakhale mphamvu ya mgwirizano pakati pawo ndi yaying'ono kwambiri. Izi zimasintha mphamvu zamagetsi zakuthupi, popeza zonyamulira limodzi ndi fermions ndipo awiriwa ndi bosons.

Gwirizanani Choncho, ndi dongosolo la ma fermions awiri (mwachitsanzo, ma electron) omwe amalumikizana wina ndi mzake mwa kugwedezeka kwa crystal lattice, yotchedwa phonons. Chochitikacho chafotokozedwa Leona amagwirizana mu 1956 ndipo ndi gawo la chiphunzitso cha BCS cha kutentha kwapamwamba kwambiri. Ma fermions omwe amapanga Cooper awiri ali ndi ma spins theka (omwe amawongoleredwa mosiyana), koma zotsatira zake zimakhala zodzaza, ndiye kuti, Cooper ndi boson.

Superconductors pa kutentha zina ndi zinthu zina, mwachitsanzo, cadmium, malata, zotayidwa, iridium, platinamu, ena kupita mu mkhalidwe superconductivity kokha pa kuthamanga kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, mpweya, phosphorous, sulfure, germanium, lithiamu) kapena mu mawonekedwe a zigawo zoonda (tungsten, beryllium, chromium), ndipo ena sangakhale opambana kwambiri, monga siliva, mkuwa, golide, mpweya wabwino, haidrojeni, ngakhale golide, siliva ndi mkuwa ndi ena mwa oyendetsa bwino kwambiri kutentha kwa chipinda.

"Kutentha kwakukulu" kumafunikabe kutentha kwambiri

M'chaka cha 1964 William A. Little adawonetsa kuthekera kwa kukhalapo kwa superconductivity yotentha kwambiri mu ma polima organic. Lingaliro ili lazikidwa pa exciton-mediated electron pairing kusiyana ndi phonon-mediated pairing mu chiphunzitso cha BCS. Mawu akuti "high kutentha superconductors" akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokoza banja latsopano la perovskite ceramics anapeza ndi Johannes G. Bednorz ndi C.A. Müller mu 1986, pomwe adalandira Mphotho ya Nobel. Ma superconductors atsopanowa a ceramic (2) anapangidwa kuchokera ku mkuwa ndi mpweya wosakanikirana ndi zinthu zina monga lanthanum, barium ndi bismuth.

2. Mbale za ceramic zikuzungulira pa maginito amphamvu

Kuchokera kumalingaliro athu, "kutentha kwambiri" superconductivity idakali yotsika kwambiri. Pazovuta zanthawi zonse, malirewo anali -140 ° C, ndipo ngakhale ma superconductors oterowo amatchedwa "kutentha kwambiri". Kutentha kwa superconductivity kwa -70 ° C kwa hydrogen sulfide kwafikiridwa pazovuta kwambiri. Komabe, ma superconductors otentha kwambiri amafunikira nayitrogeni wamadzi wotchipa m'malo mwa helium yamadzimadzi kuti aziziziritsa, zomwe ndizofunikira.

Kumbali inayi, nthawi zambiri imakhala brittle ceramic, osati yothandiza kwambiri pamagetsi.

Asayansi akukhulupirirabe kuti pali njira yabwinoko yomwe ikudikirira kuti ipezeke, chinthu chatsopano chodabwitsa chomwe chidzakwaniritsa zofunikira monga superconductivity pa kutentha kwapakatizotsika mtengo komanso zothandiza kugwiritsa ntchito. Kafukufuku wina wakhudza mkuwa, kristalo wovuta kwambiri wokhala ndi zigawo za maatomu amkuwa ndi okosijeni. Kafukufuku akupitirizabe pa malipoti odabwitsa koma osamvetsetseka mwasayansi akuti graphite yothira madzi imatha kukhala ngati superconductor kutentha kwapakati.

Zaka zaposachedwa pakhala mtsinje wowona wa "zosintha", "zopambana" ndi "mitu yatsopano" pankhani ya superconductivity pa kutentha kwambiri. Mu Okutobala 2020, superconductivity kutentha (pa 15 ° C) kudanenedwa carbon disulfide hydride (3), komabe, pamphamvu kwambiri (267 GPa) yopangidwa ndi laser yobiriwira. The Holy Grail, yomwe ingakhale yotsika mtengo kwambiri yomwe ingakhale yabwino kwambiri kutentha kwa chipinda komanso kuthamanga kwabwino, sichinapezekebe.

3. Zopangidwa ndi kaboni zomwe zimakhala ndi superconductive pa 15°C.

Dawn of the Magnetic Age

Kuwerengera kwa ntchito zomwe zingatheke za superconductors zotentha kwambiri zimatha kuyamba ndi zamagetsi ndi makompyuta, zipangizo zomveka, kukumbukira zinthu, ma switches ndi maulumikizidwe, majenereta, amplifiers, particle accelerators. Chotsatira pamndandanda: zida zomvera kwambiri zoyezera maginito, ma voltages kapena mafunde, maginito Zipangizo zamankhwala za MRI, zida zosungira mphamvu zamaginito, masitima apamtunda othamangitsa zipolopolo, mainjini, majenereta, ma transfoma ndi zingwe zamagetsi. Ubwino waukulu wa zida izi loto superconducting adzakhala otsika mphamvu dissipation, mkulu liwiro ntchito ndi tcheru kwambiri.

kwa superconductors. Pali chifukwa chake zopangira magetsi nthawi zambiri zimamangidwa pafupi ndi mizinda yotanganidwa. Ngakhale 30 peresenti. opangidwa ndi iwo Mphamvu zamagetsi ikhoza kutayika pamayendedwe opatsirana. Izi ndizovuta kwambiri pazida zamagetsi. Mphamvu zambiri zimapita kukatentha. Chifukwa chake, gawo lalikulu la pamwamba pa kompyuta limasungidwa kuti lizizizira zomwe zimathandizira kutulutsa kutentha kopangidwa ndi mabwalo.

Superconductors amathetsa vuto la kutaya mphamvu kwa kutentha. Monga mbali ya kuyesa, asayansi, mwachitsanzo, amakwanitsa kupeza zofunika pamoyo magetsi mkati mwa mphete ya superconducting zaka ziwiri. Ndipo izi zilibe mphamvu zowonjezera.

Chifukwa chokhacho chomwe chidayimitsira pano chinali chifukwa panalibe mwayi wopeza helium yamadzimadzi, osati chifukwa chapano sichingapitirire kuyenda. Kuyesera kwathu kumatipangitsa kukhulupirira kuti mafunde a superconducting amatha kuyenda kwazaka mazana ambiri, ngati sichoncho. Magetsi mu superconductors amatha kuyenda kosatha, kusamutsa mphamvu kwaulere.

в palibe kutsutsa mphamvu yamagetsi yaikulu imatha kuyenda kudzera muwaya wa superconducting, womwe umatulutsa mphamvu za maginito zamphamvu kwambiri. Zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito poyendetsa sitima zapamtunda za maglev (4), zomwe zimatha kale kuthamanga mpaka 600 km/h ndipo zimatengera maginito superconducting. Kapena agwiritseni ntchito m'mafakitale amagetsi, m'malo mwa njira zachikhalidwe momwe ma turbines amazungulira maginito kuti apange magetsi. Maginito amphamvu a superconducting amatha kuthandizira kuwongolera kachitidwe ka fusion. Waya wa superconducting ukhoza kukhala ngati chida choyenera chosungira mphamvu, osati batire, ndipo kuthekera kwadongosolo kudzasungidwa kwa zaka chikwi ndi miliyoni.

M'makompyuta a quantum, mutha kuyenda mozungulira kapena mozungulira mu superconductor. Ma injini a sitima ndi magalimoto angakhale ang'onoang'ono kuwirikiza kakhumi kuposa masiku ano, ndipo makina okwera mtengo a MRI ozindikira matenda angakwane m'manja mwanu. Zosonkhanitsidwa m'mafamu m'zipululu zazikulu padziko lonse lapansi, mphamvu yadzuwa imatha kusungidwa ndikusamutsidwa popanda kutaya kulikonse.

4. Sitima yapamtunda ya ku Japan

Malinga ndi wasayansi komanso popularizer wotchuka wa sayansi, Kakumatekinoloje monga superconductors adzabweretsa nyengo yatsopano. Tikanakhala kuti tikukhalabe m’nthaŵi ya magetsi, ma<em>superconductors amene amatenthedwa m’chipindamo akanabweretsa nyengo ya maginito.