Zaka khumi pambuyo pake palibe amene akudziwa kuti liti

Kwa munthu wosadziŵa zambiri amene waŵerenga mulu wonse wa zofalitsa zonena za makompyuta a quantum, munthu angapeze lingaliro lakuti awa ndi makina “opanda shelefu” amene amagwira ntchito mofanana ndi makompyuta wamba. Palibe chomwe chingakhale cholakwika kwambiri. Ena amakhulupirira kuti kulibe makompyuta a quantum panobe. Ndipo ena amadabwa kuti azigwiritsa ntchito chiyani, popeza sanapangidwe kuti alowe m'malo mwa ziro-one system.

Nthawi zambiri timamva kuti makompyuta enieni komanso ogwira ntchito bwino a quantum adzawoneka pafupifupi zaka khumi. Komabe, monga momwe Linley Gwennap, wopenda wamkulu wa Linley Group, ananenera m’nkhaniyo, “pamene anthu amanena kuti kompyuta yochuluka idzaonekera m’zaka khumi, sadziŵa kuti idzachitika liti.”

Ngakhale izi sizikumveka bwino, mkhalidwe wa mpikisano kwa otchedwa. ulamuliro wa quantum. Pokhudzidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa ntchito komanso kupambana kwa aku China, olamulira aku US mu Disembala watha adapereka National Quantum Initiative Act (1). Chikalatacho cholinga chake ndi kupereka thandizo ku federal pakufufuza, chitukuko, kuwonetsera, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito quantum computing ndi matekinoloje. M'zaka khumi zamatsenga, boma la US liwononga mabiliyoni ambiri kupanga zida zamakompyuta, zachilengedwe, komanso kulemba anthu ntchito. Onse opanga makompyuta a quantum - D-Wave, Honeywell, IBM, Intel, IonQ, Microsoft ndi Rigetti, komanso omwe amapanga ma algorithms a quantum 1QBit ndi Zapata adalandira izi. National Quantum Initiative.

D-Wave Pioneers

Mu 2007, D-Wave Systems idakhazikitsa chip 128-qubit (2), amatchedwa kompyuta yoyamba padziko lonse lapansi ya quantum. Komabe, panalibe chitsimikizo ngati chingatchulidwe kuti - ntchito yake yokha idawonetsedwa, popanda tsatanetsatane wa zomangamanga zake. Mu 2009, D-Wave Systems idapanga injini yosaka zithunzi ya "quantum" ya Google. Mu Meyi 2011, Lockheed Martin adapeza kompyuta yochulukirapo kuchokera ku D-Wave Systems. D-wave one kwa $ 10 miliyoni, ndikusaina mgwirizano wazaka zambiri pantchito yake ndikukulitsa ma aligorivimu ogwirizana.

Mu 2012, makinawa adawonetsa njira yopezera molekyulu ya protein ya helical yokhala ndi mphamvu yotsika kwambiri. Ofufuza ochokera ku D-Wave Systems amagwiritsa ntchito machitidwe okhala ndi manambala osiyanasiyana qubits, anachita masamu angapo, ndipo zina mwa izo zinali zopitirira kwambiri luso la makompyuta akale. Komabe, kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2014, John Smolin ndi Graham Smith adasindikiza nkhani yomwe imanena kuti makina a D-Wave Systems sanali makina. Posakhalitsa pambuyo pake, Physics of Nature idapereka zotsatira za zoyeserera zotsimikizira kuti D-Wave One ikadali ...

Chiyeso china mu June 2014 sichinasonyeze kusiyana pakati pa makompyuta apamwamba ndi makina a D-Wave Systems, koma kampaniyo inayankha kuti kusiyanaku kunali kuonekera pa ntchito zovuta kwambiri kuposa zomwe zinathetsedwa muyeso. Kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2017, kampaniyo idavumbulutsa makina omwe ali ndi 2 zikwi khumiyomwe inali nthawi 2500 mwachangu kuposa ma aligorivimu akale othamanga kwambiri. Ndipo kachiwiri, miyezi iwiri pambuyo pake, gulu la asayansi linatsimikizira kuti kuyerekezera uku sikunali kolondola. Kwa ambiri okayikira, machitidwe a D-Wave akadali si makompyuta ambiri, koma awo zoyerekeza pogwiritsa ntchito njira zakale.

Dongosolo lachinayi la D-Wave limagwiritsa ntchito kuchuluka kwa quantumndipo zigawo za qubit zimazindikirika ndi ma superconducting quantum circuits (kutengera zomwe zimatchedwa kuti Josephson junctions). Amagwira ntchito pamalo omwe ali pafupi ndi zero ndipo amadzitamandira ndi machitidwe a 2048 qubits. Kumapeto kwa 2018, D-Wave adayambitsa msika BUNCE, ndiye wanu zenizeni nthawi quantum ntchito chilengedwe (KAE). Yankho la mtambo limapereka makasitomala akunja ndi mwayi weniweni wa quantum computing.

Mu February 2019, D-Wave adalengeza m'badwo wotsatira  Pegasus. Adalengezedwa kuti ndi "gulu lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi lazamalonda" lolumikizana ndi khumi ndi asanu pa qubit m'malo mwa zisanu ndi chimodzi, ndi pa 5 qubits ndi kuyatsa kuchepetsa phokoso pamlingo wosadziwika kale. Chipangizocho chiyenera kuwoneka pogulitsidwa pakati pa chaka chamawa.

Qubits, kapena ma superpositions kuphatikiza kulowerera

Mapulogalamu apakompyuta okhazikika amadalira mapaketi kapena zidutswa za chidziwitso, iliyonse ikuyimira yankho limodzi loti inde kapena ayi. Ma processor a Quantum ndi osiyana. Iwo sagwira ntchito m'dziko la ziro-mmodzi. fupa la chigongono, gawo laling'ono kwambiri komanso losagawanika la chidziwitso cha quantum ndi dongosolo lofotokozedwa la mbali ziwiri Malo a Hilbert. Chifukwa chake, zimasiyana ndi kumenyedwa kwachikale komwe kumatha kukhala mkati wapamwamba uliwonse zigawo ziwiri za quantum. Chitsanzo chakuthupi cha qubit nthawi zambiri chimaperekedwa monga chitsanzo cha tinthu tating'onoting'ono ½, monga electron, kapena polarization ya photon imodzi.

Kuti mugwiritse ntchito mphamvu ya qubits, muyenera kuwalumikiza kudzera munjira yotchedwa chisokonezo. Ndi qubit iliyonse yowonjezera, mphamvu yopangira purosesa kawiri wekha, popeza kuchuluka kwa zotsekera kumatsagana ndi kulumikizidwa kwa qubit yatsopano ndi mayiko onse omwe akupezeka kale mu purosesa (3). Koma kupanga ndi kuphatikiza ma qubits, ndikuwauza kuti awerenge movutikira si ntchito yophweka. Iwo amakhala tcheru kwambiri ku zikoka zakunjazomwe zingayambitse zolakwika zowerengera ndipo, poipa kwambiri, kuwonongeka kwa ma qubits otsekedwa, i.e. kusamvanalomwe ndilo themberero lenileni la machitidwe a quantum. Pamene ma qubits owonjezera akuwonjezeredwa, zotsatira zoipa za mphamvu zakunja zimawonjezeka. Njira imodzi yothetsera vutoli ndikutsegula zowonjezera qubits "KUKHALA"omwe ntchito yake yokha ndikuwunika ndikuwongolera zomwe zatuluka.

3. Chiwonetsero chophiphiritsira cha 50-qubit IBM system

Komabe, izi zikutanthauza kuti makompyuta amphamvu kwambiri adzafunika, othandiza kuthetsa mavuto ovuta, monga kudziwa momwe mamolekyu a mapuloteni amamangirira kapena kutsanzira momwe thupi limakhalira mkati mwa maatomu. zambiri. Tom Watson wochokera ku yunivesite ya Delft ku Netherlands posachedwapa anauza BBC News kuti:

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Mwachidule, ngati makompyuta a quantum akuyenera kuchoka, muyenera kukhala ndi njira yosavuta yopangira ma processor akuluakulu komanso okhazikika a qubit.

Popeza ma qubits ndi osakhazikika, ndizovuta kwambiri kupanga dongosolo ndi ambiri aiwo. Chifukwa chake ngati, pamapeto pake, qubits ngati lingaliro la quantum computing ikulephera, asayansi ali ndi njira ina: zipata za qubit quantum.

Gulu lochokera ku yunivesite ya Purdue lidasindikiza kafukufuku mu npj Quantum Information yofotokoza za chilengedwe chawo. Asayansi amakhulupirira zimenezo kuditsmosiyana ndi ma qubits, amatha kukhalapo m'malo oposa awiri, monga 0, 1, ndi 2, ndipo pamtundu uliwonse wowonjezeredwa, mphamvu yowerengera ya qudit imodzi imawonjezeka. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, muyenera kusindikiza ndikukonza kuchuluka komweko kwa chidziwitso. ulemerero wochepa kuposa qubits.

Kuti apange zipata za quantum zomwe zimakhala ndi ma qudits, gulu la Purdue lidayika ma qudits anayi muzithunzi ziwiri zomangika malinga ndi ma frequency ndi nthawi. Gululo linasankha ma photon chifukwa sakhudza chilengedwe mosavuta, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito madera angapo omwe amalola kuti asokonezeke ndi ma photon ochepa. Chipata chomalizidwa chinali ndi mphamvu yopangira ma qubits a 20, ngakhale kuti inkafuna ma qudits anayi okha, ndi kukhazikika kowonjezera chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito photons, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale dongosolo lodalirika la makompyuta amtsogolo a quantum.

Misampha ya silicon kapena ion

Ngakhale kuti si onse omwe amagawana maganizo awa, kugwiritsa ntchito silicon kupanga makompyuta a quantum kumawoneka kuti kuli ndi phindu lalikulu, monga teknoloji ya silicon yakhazikitsidwa bwino ndipo pali kale makampani akuluakulu ogwirizana nawo. Silicon imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu Google ndi IBM quantum processors, ngakhale itakhazikika mpaka kutentha kwambiri. Sizinthu zabwino zamakina a quantum, koma asayansi akugwira ntchito.

Malinga ndi buku laposachedwa ku Nature, gulu la ofufuza linagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya microwave kuti agwirizanitse tinthu tating'ono ta ma elekitironi awiri toyimitsidwa mu silicon ndiyeno adawagwiritsa ntchito poyesa mayeso angapo. Gululo, lomwe linaphatikizapo, makamaka, asayansi ochokera ku yunivesite ya Wisconsin-Madison "adayimitsa" ma electron qubits amodzi mumtundu wa silicon, womwe umatchedwanso mphamvu ya ma radiation a microwave. Mwapamwamba kwambiri, electron inazungulira nthawi imodzi mozungulira nkhwangwa ziwiri zosiyana. Ma qubits awiriwo adaphatikizidwa ndikukonzedwa kuti ayese mawerengedwe a mayeso, pambuyo pake ochita kafukufuku anayerekezera deta yopangidwa ndi dongosolo ndi deta yolandiridwa kuchokera ku kompyuta yokhazikika yomwe ikuchita mawerengedwe ofanana. Pambuyo kukonza deta, programmable XNUMX-bit quantum silicon purosesa.

Ngakhale kuchuluka kwa zolakwika kumakhalabe kwakukulu kuposa zomwe zimatchedwa misampha ya ion (zida zomwe tinthu tating'ono monga ma ion, ma electron, ma protoni amasungidwa kwakanthawi) kapena makompyuta.  kutengera ma superconductors monga D-Wave, kupindulaku kumakhalabe kodabwitsa chifukwa kudzipatula kwa phokoso lakunja ndikovuta kwambiri. Akatswiri amawona mwayi wokulitsa ndi kukonza dongosolo. Ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito silicon, kuchokera kumalingaliro aukadaulo ndi zachuma, ndikofunikira kwambiri pano.

Komabe, kwa ofufuza ambiri, silicon si tsogolo la makompyuta a quantum. Mu Disembala chaka chatha, zidawoneka kuti mainjiniya a kampani yaku America IonQ adagwiritsa ntchito ytterbium kupanga makompyuta ochuluka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, kuposa machitidwe a D-Wave ndi IBM.

Chotsatira chake chinali makina omwe anali ndi atomu imodzi mumsampha wa ion (4) amagwiritsa ntchito qubit imodzi ya data pokopera, ndipo ma qubits amawongoleredwa ndikuyesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito ma pulses apadera a laser. Kompyuta ili ndi kukumbukira komwe kumatha kusunga ma data 160. Imathanso kuwerengera nthawi imodzi pa 79 qubits.

4. Ndondomeko ya msampha wa IonQ ion

Asayansi ochokera ku IonQ adayesa mayeso omwe amatchedwa Bernstein-Vaziranian algorithm. Ntchito yamakina inali kuyerekeza nambala pakati pa 0 ndi 1023. Makompyuta akale amatenga zolingalira khumi ndi chimodzi za nambala ya 10-bit. Makompyuta a Quantum amagwiritsa ntchito njira ziwiri kulosera zotsatira zake motsimikizika 100%. Pakuyesa koyamba, kompyuta ya IonQ quantum idayerekeza pafupifupi 73% ya manambala operekedwa. Ma aligorivimu akamayendetsedwa pa nambala iliyonse pakati pa 1 ndi 1023, chiwopsezo cha makompyuta wamba ndi 0,2%, pomwe IonQ ndi 79%.

Akatswiri a IonQ amakhulupirira kuti machitidwe otengera misampha ya ion ndi apamwamba kuposa makompyuta a silicon quantum omwe Google ndi makampani ena akumanga. Matrix awo a 79-qubit amaposa purosesa ya Google ya Bristlecone quantum ndi ma qubits 7. Zotsatira za IonQ ndizosangalatsanso zikafika pakukweza kwadongosolo. Malinga ndi omwe amapanga makinawo, pa qubit imodzi, imakhalabe pa 99,97%, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zolakwika za 0,03%, pamene zotsatira zabwino za mpikisano zimakhala pafupifupi 0,5%. Kulakwitsa kwa 99,3-bit kwa chipangizo cha IonQ chiyenera kukhala 95%, pamene mpikisano wambiri sudutsa XNUMX%.

Ndikoyenera kuwonjezera kuti, malinga ndi ofufuza a Google kuchuluka kwa quantum - nthawi yomwe makompyuta a quantum amaposa makina ena onse omwe alipo - akhoza kufika kale ndi makompyuta a quantum omwe ali ndi 49 qubits, pokhapokha ngati zolakwika pazipata ziwiri zili pansi pa 0,5%. Komabe, njira ya ion trap mu quantum computing imayang'anizanabe ndi zovuta zazikulu zomwe zikuyenera kuthana nazo: nthawi yochepetsera pang'onopang'ono komanso kukula kwakukulu, komanso kulondola komanso kusinthika kwaukadaulo.

Kulimba kwa ciphers mu mabwinja ndi zotsatira zina

Mu Januware 2019 ku CES 2019, CEO wa IBM Ginni Rometty adalengeza kuti IBM ikupereka kale makina ophatikizika amakompyuta ogwiritsira ntchito malonda. IBM quantum makompyuta5) ali ku New York monga gawo la dongosolo IBM Q System One. Pogwiritsa ntchito Q Network ndi Q Quantum Computational Center, opanga mapulogalamu amatha kugwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya Qiskit kuti apange ma algorithms a quantum. Chifukwa chake, mphamvu yamakompyuta ya IBM quantum makompyuta imapezeka ngati cloud computing service, zamtengo wapatali.

D-Wave yakhala ikuperekanso izi kwanthawi yayitali, ndipo osewera ena akuluakulu (monga Amazon) akukonzekera zopereka zamtambo zofanana. Microsoft inapita patsogolo ndi chiyambi Q # chilankhulo cha pulogalamu (kutchulidwa ngati) komwe kumatha kugwira ntchito ndi Visual Studio ndikuyendetsa pa laputopu. Okonza mapulogalamu ali ndi chida chofanizira ma algorithms a quantum ndikupanga mlatho wa mapulogalamu pakati pa classical ndi quantum computing.

Komabe, funso ndilakuti, kodi makompyuta ndi mphamvu zawo zamakompyuta zingakhale zothandiza pa chiyani? Mu kafukufuku wofalitsidwa mu October watha mu magazini Science , asayansi ochokera ku IBM, University of Waterloo ndi Technical University of Munich anayesa kuyerekezera mitundu ya mavuto omwe makompyuta a quantum amawoneka kuti ndi oyenerera kuthetsa.

Malingana ndi kafukufuku, zipangizo zoterezi zidzatha kuthetsa zovuta linear algebra ndi zovuta kukhathamiritsa. Zikumveka zosamveka, koma pakhoza kukhala mwayi wopeza mayankho osavuta komanso otsika mtengo pamavuto omwe pakali pano amafunikira khama lalikulu, zida ndi nthawi, ndipo nthawi zina zomwe sitingathe kuzikwanitsa.

5. IBM quantum kompyuta

Zothandiza quantum computing diametrically kusintha gawo la cryptography. Chifukwa cha iwo, ma code encryption amatha kusweka mwachangu ndipo, mwina, ukadaulo wa blockchain udzawonongedwa. RSA encryption tsopano ikuwoneka ngati chitetezo cholimba komanso chosawonongeka chomwe chimateteza zambiri ndi mauthenga padziko lapansi. Komabe, kompyuta yamphamvu yokwanira ya quantum imatha mosavuta crack RSA encryption ndi thandizo Algorithm ya Shora.

Kodi kupewa izo? Ena amalimbikitsa kuonjezera kutalika kwa makiyi obisala pagulu pakukula kofunikira kuti mugonjetse kutsekeka kwa quantum. Kwa ena, iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito yokha kuti iwonetsetse kulumikizana kotetezeka. Chifukwa cha quantum cryptography, mchitidwe womwewo wochotsa detayo ukhoza kuipitsa, pambuyo pake munthu amene akusokoneza tinthu tating'onoting'ono sakanatha kupeza chidziwitso chothandiza kuchokera pamenepo, ndipo wolandirayo adzachenjezedwa za kuyesa kumvetsera.

Kugwiritsa ntchito kwa quantum computing kumatchulidwanso pafupipafupi. kusanthula zachuma ndi kulosera. Chifukwa cha machitidwe a quantum, zitsanzo zovuta zamakhalidwe amsika zitha kukulitsidwa kuti ziphatikizepo zosinthika zambiri kuposa kale, zomwe zimatsogolera kuzindikirika kolondola komanso kulosera. Pakukonza masauzande masauzande ambiri ndi makompyuta a quantum, zingathekenso kuchepetsa nthawi ndi mtengo wofunikira pa chitukuko. mankhwala atsopano, zoyendera ndi mayendedwe njira, unyolo katundu, zitsanzo nyengokomanso kuthetsa mavuto ena ambiri ovuta kwambiri.

Lamulo la Nevena

Dziko la makompyuta akale linali ndi lamulo la Moore, pamene makompyuta a quantum ayenera kutsogoleredwa ndi zomwe zimatchedwa. Lamulo la Nevena. Ali ndi dzina lake kwa m'modzi mwa akatswiri odziwika bwino a quantum ku Google, Hartmut Nevena (6), lomwe likunena kuti kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo waukadaulo wa quantum pakali pano kukuchitika pawiri exponential liwiro.

Izi zikutanthauza kuti m'malo mochulukitsa magwiridwe antchito motsatizana, monga momwe zidalili ndi makompyuta akale ndi malamulo a Moore, ukadaulo wa quantum umathandizira magwiridwe antchito mwachangu.

Akatswiri amaneneratu za kubwera kwa quantum yapamwamba, yomwe ingamasuliridwe osati kukula kwa makompyuta a quantum kuposa akale, komanso m'njira zina - monga chiyambi cha nthawi yamakompyuta othandiza. Izi zidzatsegula njira yopambana mu chemistry, astrophysics, mankhwala, chitetezo, mauthenga, ndi zina.

Komabe, palinso lingaliro lakuti kupambana koteroko sikudzakhalako konse, makamaka osati m’tsogolo. Kukayikira kocheperako ndiko makompyuta a quantum sangalowe m'malo mwa makompyuta akale chifukwa sanapangidwe kutero. Simungasinthe iPhone kapena PC ndi makina a quantum, monga momwe simungasinthire nsapato za tenisi ndi chonyamulira cha nyukiliya.. Makompyuta akale amakulolani kusewera masewera, kuyang'ana maimelo, kuyang'ana pa intaneti, ndi kuyendetsa mapulogalamu. Makompyuta a Quantum nthawi zambiri amachita zofananira zomwe zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kuti zitheke pamakina apakompyuta. Mwanjira ina, ogula pawokha sadzapeza phindu lililonse kuchokera pamakompyuta awo ochulukira, koma omwe adzapindule nawo pazomwe adapangidwawo adzakhala, mwachitsanzo, NASA kapena Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Nthawi idzawonetsa njira yomwe ili yoyenera kwambiri - IBM kapena Google. Malinga ndi lamulo la Neven, tatsala ndi miyezi ingapo kuti tiwone chiwonetsero chokwanira cha kuchuluka kwa gulu limodzi kapena gulu lina. Ndipo ichi sichinalinso chiyembekezo "m'zaka khumi, ndiye kuti, palibe amene akudziwa kuti liti."