Munthu kuyankhula ndi zipangizo ndi mosemphanitsa

Mazana a iwo anamangidwa. Matani amitundu ndi magawo. Zina mwazo ndi za niche curiosities, zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ochepa, koma ndizofunikira kwambiri chifukwa ali ndi udindo pazinthu zazikulu zamakompyuta ndi maukonde. Ngakhale pali unyinji wotero, palibe olamulira opitilira awiri mumsika uliwonse.

zomwe zikuyenda pa kompyuta yanu. Imayang'anira kukumbukira, njira, ndi mapulogalamu ake onse ndi hardware. Komanso amalola kulankhula ndi kompyuta popanda kudziwa makina "chinenero". Nthawi zambiri, mapulogalamu ambiri osiyanasiyana akuyenda pa chipangizo nthawi imodzi, ndipo aliyense wa iwo ayenera kukhala ndi mwayi wapakati processing unit (CPU), kukumbukira, ndi kusunga. opaleshoni dongosolo imagwirizanitsa zonse, kupereka pulogalamu iliyonse zomwe ikufunikira. Popanda makina ogwiritsira ntchito, mapulogalamuwa sakanatha kuyanjana ndi hardware, ndipo kompyuta ikanakhala yopanda ntchito.

Ogwiritsa ndi mapulogalamu ogwiritsira ntchito kukhala ndi mwayi wopeza ntchito zoperekedwa ndi makina ogwiritsira ntchito kudzera pama foni am'makina ndi malo opangira mapulogalamu. Amalumikizana ndi makina ogwiritsira ntchito makompyuta. от command line interfaces (KLI) ma graphical interfaces wogwiritsa ntchito yemwe amadziwika kuti GUI (onaninso: ). Mwachidule, makina ogwiritsira ntchito amalola ogwiritsa ntchito kuyanjana ndi makompyuta pochita ngati mawonekedwe pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito kapena mapulogalamu ogwiritsira ntchito ndi makompyuta.

1. Logos ya machitidwe otchuka kwambiri opaleshoni

Njira Zogwirira Ntchito (1) angapezeke pafupifupi chipangizo chilichonse kuphatikizapo kompyuta - kuchokera mafoni i kutonthoza masewera po makompyuta apamwamba i ma seva apaintaneti. Zitsanzo zamakina odziwika amakono ndi: Android, iOS, GNU/Linux, Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows, kapena z/OS kuchokera ku IBM. Machitidwe onsewa, kupatula Windows ndi/ndi z/OS, ali ndi mizu ya UNIX. Posachedwapa, ngati simusiyanitsa pakati pa desktop ndi nsanja zam'manja, Windows sakulamuliranso, koma ndi (2).

2. Kusintha gawo la msika wapadziko lonse wamakina ogwiritsira ntchito pazaka khumi zapitazi malinga ndi StatCounter

3. Kusintha kwa msika wapadziko lonse wa machitidwe apakompyuta pazaka khumi zapitazi, malinga ndi StatCounter.

4. Kusintha kwa msika wapadziko lonse wa machitidwe ogwiritsira ntchito chaka chatha pazida zam'manja, malinga ndi StatCounter

5. Magawo amitundu yamakina ogwiritsira ntchito pamsika wa seva mu 2018

Njira zitatu zodziwika bwino zamakompyuta anu ndi: Microsoft Windows, Apple Mac OS X i Linux, omwe gawo lawo limasinthasintha pafupifupi 1-2%. (3) Pakati pazida zam'manja, Android imayang'anira iOS ya Apple, yomwe ili pamalo achiwiri ndi gawo lomwe likukula posachedwa (4). Ndipo pamsika wapadziko lonse wa seva, pafupifupi theka la iwo ali ndi zinthu za Microsoft, ngakhale kuti chiwerengerochi chikugwa pang'onopang'ono, ndipo ndi kufalikira kwa Red Hat Linux, machitidwe awiriwa amawerengera pafupifupi 4/5 ya msika uwu (5).

Kuchokera ku smartphone kupita ku seva

Microsoft idapangidwa Windows opaleshoni dongosolo m'ma 80s. Zinakhazikitsidwa ndi MS-DOS kernel, panthawiyo yemwe anali woyang'anira mapulogalamu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poyambitsa mapulogalamu. Kenako, kuphatikiza zosintha zazikulu zoyambirira mu 1987, zotsatiridwa ndi Windows 3.0. Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, mtundu wotsatira, Windows 95, unakhala makina ogwiritsira ntchito kwambiri. Akatswiri amanena kuti dongosolo la Microsoft silinasinthe kwambiri ponena za zomangamanga kuyambira Windows 95, ngakhale kuti yawonjezera zinthu zambiri kuti zikwaniritse zosowa zatsopano zamakompyuta. Zinthu zambiri zomwe tikudziwa lero zakhalapo kuyambira zaka za m'ma 90, monga menyu yoyambira, batani la ntchito, ndi Windows Explorer (yomwe tsopano imadziwika kuti "Explorer").

Zapangidwa zaka zambiri mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya Windows. Odziwika kwambiri mwa iwo ndi Windows 7 (inatulutsidwa 2009) Windows Vista (2007) ndi Windows XP (2001). Windows imayikidwa kale pazambiri ma PC atsopanochimene chimatengedwa chifukwa chachikulu cha ulamuliro wake padziko lapansi. Wogwiritsa amene amagula PC kapena laputopu kapena kukweza Windows pa kompyuta yake amatha kusankha mitundu ingapo ya makinawo, kuphatikiza Pulogalamu Yanyumba, Professional kapena Womaliza.

Zomwezo kwa aliyense makompyuta atsopano a Macintosh kapena Poppy idakhazikitsidwa kale kufakitale kuyambira 2002. Apple opaleshoni dongosolo, tsopano lotchedwa MacOS (yomwe kale inali OS X komanso Mac OS X). Makina ogwiritsira ntchito a Apple ndi banja la machitidwe akale a UNIX omwe amapezeka mwamakompyuta okha a Apple omwe adayikidwiratu kuyambira 2002. Dzina la dongosololi linalengezedwa mu 2016 pamsonkhano wa WWDC chifukwa chofuna kugwirizanitsa mayina omwe Apple amagwiritsa ntchito pa machitidwe awo opangira (motero, macOS ndi gawo la mndandanda: iOS, watchOS, tvOS, etc.).

Kuphatikiza apo UNIX yakale Maziko opangira makina amakono a Apple adagwiritsidwa ntchito kale NEXTSstep system mu theka lachiwiri la 80s, ogulidwa ndi Apple pamodzi ndi wopanga NEXT mu 1996. Mtundu womaliza wa makina apakompyuta a "classic" a Macintosh anali Mac OS 9. Mu 2006, mtundu woyamba unatulutsidwa wa ma x86 Mac atsopano. - Mac OS X 10.4. Mu 2005, Baibulo loyamba linatulutsidwa, logwirizana kwathunthu ndi mtundu wachitatu wa Common UNIX Specification - Mac OS X 10.5, ikuyenda pa PowerPC ndi x86 "Mac" pogwiritsa ntchito teknoloji yotchedwa Universal Binary, yomwe ndi fayilo yotheka yomwe imagwira ntchito pamapangidwe onse awiri. Kutengera mtundu uwu, dongosolo la iOS (poyamba la iPhone OS), makina ogwiritsira ntchito a Apple Inc., adapangidwa. pazida zam'manja za iPhone, iPod touch ndi iPad. Monga mukuonera, mbiri ya machitidwe / machitidwe a Apple ndi ovuta kwambiri kuposa Windows.

Komabe, izi siziri kanthu poyerekeza ndi kusiyana kwa mabanja. Linux, lowetsani machitidwe ogwiritsira ntchito, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti akhoza kusinthidwa ndikugawidwanso ndi aliyense kulikonse padziko lapansi. Ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi mapulogalamu omwe ali ngati Windows, omwe amatha kusinthidwa ndi kampani yomwe ili nayo. Ubwino wa Linux ndikuti ndi "mapulogalamu aulere" ndipo pali magawo osiyanasiyana (mitundu) yomwe mungasankhe yomwe ikugwirizana ndi zosowa zanu. Kugawa kulikonse kumakhala ndi maonekedwe ndi maonekedwe osiyana. Kugawa kodziwika kwambiri kumadziwika kuti: Ubuntu, Mint ndi Fedora. Linux imatchedwa dzina la banja Linus Torvaldsyemwe adapanga Linux kernel mu 1991.

Linux idagawidwa koyamba pansi pa GNU General Public License mu 1992. Yakula kuchokera pamizere ingapo yoyambira pomwe idatulutsidwa koyambirira mpaka mizere yopitilira mamiliyoni makumi awiri lero. Dongosololi litha kusinthidwa ndi aliyense pazolinga zawo. Chifukwa chake tili ndi mazana a machitidwe opangira Linuxamatchedwa magawidwe. Izi zimapangitsa kusankha pakati pawo kukhala kovuta kwambiri, kovuta kwambiri kuposa kusankha mtundu wamakina.

Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma Linux ndizabwino kwambiri kotero kuti aliyense apeza zomwe zikugwirizana ndi zomwe amakonda komanso zomwe amakonda. Mwachitsanzo, pali Mabaibulo amene amatsanzira otchuka Windows XP. Palinso zokometsera zapadera za Linux, monga zogawa zomwe zimapangidwira kuti zipereke moyo watsopano kumakompyuta akale, otsika, kapena magawo otetezedwa kwambiri omwe angathe. kuthamanga kuchokera ku USB drive. Zachidziwikire, pali mitundu yambiri ya Linux yoyendetsera ma seva ndi mapulogalamu ena amakampani. Otsatira a Linux amalimbikitsa Ubuntu ngati poyambira bwino. Iyi ndi njira yabwino kwambiri (ngakhale poyerekeza ndi Windows), koma nthawi yomweyo yosunthika komanso yogwira ntchito. akatswiri aukadaulo apakompyuta.

, ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi makompyuta apakompyuta ndi laputopu, choncho zimayenda pamakina ogwiritsira ntchito omwe amapangidwira makamaka mafoni. Makina ogwiritsira ntchito pazida zam'manja nthawi zambiri samapereka mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana monga omwe amapangidwira pakompyuta kapena laputopu ndipo sangathe kuyendetsa mapulogalamu onse omwe amadziwika ndi ma PC. Komabe, mutha kuchitabe nawo zinthu zambiri, monga kuwonera makanema, kuyang'ana pa intaneti, kukonza kalendala yanu, kusewera masewera, ndi zina zambiri.

Palinso machitidwe opangira ma seva, mwachitsanzo. wolemera ndi wowonjezera-wolemera kwambiri. Kodi pali kusiyana kotani makina ogwiritsira ntchito seva a opaleshoni dongosolo kwa wosuta wamba? Makina ogwiritsira ntchito "wachibadwa" amatha kuyendetsa mapulogalamu monga MS Word, PowerPoint, Excel, komanso mapulogalamu a zithunzi, osewera mavidiyo, ndi zina zotero. Zimakupatsaninso mwayi woyendetsa ntchito zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kuyang'ana pa intaneti ndikuyang'ana mauthenga a imelo. Imagwiritsa ntchito kulumikizana kwa LAN ndi Bluetooth ndipo ndiyotsika mtengo kuposa makina ogwiritsira ntchito seva.

Makina ogwiritsira ntchito seva ndizokwera mtengo kwambiri pazifukwa zina. Cholinga chake ndikulola kulumikizana mopanda malire kwa ogwiritsa ntchito, kupereka zinthu zokulirapo zokumbukira, ndikuchita ngati ma seva apadziko lonse amasamba, maimelo, ndi nkhokwe. Makina a seva amatha kukhala ndi ma desktops angapo chifukwa amakometsedwa kuti azitha kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti osati kwa munthu m'modzi.

Makina ogwiritsira ntchito zida za IoT

Contiki - Makina otsegulira otsegulira omwe adapangidwa mu 2002, makamaka amayang'ana kwambiri ma microcontrollers amphamvu kwambiri ndi zida za IoT.

Zinthu za Android - yopangidwa ndi Google. Dzina lake lakale linali Brillo. Imathandizira ukadaulo wa Bluetooth ndi Wi-Fi.

ZIWAWA - ili ndi gulu lalikulu la otukula ndipo imatulutsidwa pansi pa GNU Lesser General Public License. Chifukwa chake, RIOT imatchedwa Linux ya dziko la IoT.

Apache Minute - yofanana ndi machitidwe a RIOT. Imatulutsidwa pansi pa layisensi ya Apache 2.0. Zimagwira ntchito munthawi yeniyeni. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'ma microcontrollers ambiri, zida za IoT zamakampani, ndi zida zamankhwala.

LiteOS - idakhazikitsidwa ndi chimphona chaukadaulo waku China Huawei mu 2015. Imaonedwa kuti ndi yotetezeka komanso yogwirizana.

Zephyr - idatulutsidwa mu 2016 ndi Linux Foundation. Kuphatikiza kosavuta kwa zida zosiyanasiyana za IoT kwapangitsa kuti opareshoni iyi ikhale imodzi mwazodziwika kwambiri padziko lapansi.

kuluma ndiye OS yayikulu ya Ubuntu IoT. Kutengera gulu la Ubuntu, zimatsimikizira chitetezo champhamvu cha zida za IoT.

Little OS - Yoyamba idatulutsidwa mu 2000. Ndi imodzi mwazinthu zakale kwambiri zogwiritsira ntchito zida za IoT. Imagwiritsa ntchito ma network opanda zingwe. 

Windows Internet of Zinthu - idadziwikanso kuti Windows Embedded. Idasinthidwa kukhala Windows IoT pakubwera Windows 10.

Raspbian ndi makina ogwiritsira ntchito a Debian okha a Raspberry Pi. Mphunoyi ndi yofanana ndi kernel ya Unix.

Freertos ndi njira yotseguka yopangira ma microcontroller. Imagwiritsa ntchito Amazon cloud service i.e. AWS.

Yachotsedwa ku Linux - Makina opangira a Linux mumtunduwu amagwiritsidwa ntchito pama TV anzeru, ma router opanda zingwe (Wi-Fi), ndi zina zambiri.

Mbiri Yachidule ya GUI

Anthu ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito opareting'i sisitimuyomwe imayikidwa pa kompyuta yawo asanagule, koma ndithudi ndizotheka kusintha, kukweza kapena ngakhale kusintha. Machitidwe amakono ogwiritsira ntchito amagwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe ogwiritsira ntchito zojambulajambula kapena GUI yomwe imakulolani kuti mugwiritse ntchito mbewa yanu kapena touchpad kuti musindikize pazithunzi, mabatani, ndi mindandanda yazakudya, ndipo chirichonse chikuwonetsedwa pazenera pogwiritsa ntchito zojambula ndi zolemba. Pamaso pa GUI, mawonekedwe apakompyuta anali ndi mzere wolamula, ndipo wogwiritsa ntchito amayenera kulowetsa lamulo lililonse pakompyuta, ndipo makinawo amangowonetsa zolemba.

Mawonekedwe oyamba padziko lonse lapansi amaonedwa kuti ndi kutulutsidwa kwa Apple System 1 mu Januware 1984. Windows 1, yomwe idatulutsidwa mu Novembala wotsatira, idaperekanso GUI, mawonekedwe azithunzi a 16-bit. Panthawiyo, kuwonjezera pa Apple, ma prototypes a malo ojambulidwa adawonetsedwa ndi makampani ena, monga VisiCorp ku COMDEX mu 1982, ndipo chifukwa chachikulu chopangira Windows GUI chinali nkhawa. Bill Gates pakutayika kwa maudindo pamsika wa IBM PC.

Mawonekedwe ake, monga tanenera, ali ndi malingaliro ambiri Windows opaleshoni dongosolo adadalira Yambani Menyuyomwe idayambitsidwa koyamba mu Windows 95 (1995) 6. Batani loyambira i Yambani Menyu ndi kampeni yotsatsa kukopa ogwiritsa ntchito poyambitsa pulogalamu yatsopano. Pamene Windows 2012 idatuluka mu 8, batani lizimiririka ndipo wogwiritsa ntchitoyo adatengedwa nthawi yomweyo pazenera zonse, zomwe zidapangidwa kuti zizigwirizana ndi zida zatsopano zolumikizira. Chophimba Choyambira chimayang'ana pazithunzi za pulogalamu ndi matailosi omwe mutha kudina, monga pa bar ya Apple, m'malo mwa mndandanda wazosankha zamakina ndi mapulogalamu omwe Windows idagwiritsa ntchito pa Start menyu zaka zam'mbuyomu.

6. Kugwiritsa Mawindo Start Button

Mu 2013 panali Mtundu wa Windows 8.1zomwe zabweretsanso batani loyambira kuti zikhale zosavuta kwa makasitomala a Microsoft kugwiritsa ntchito makina oyambira. Mu 2014, Windows 10 adabwezeretsa batani loyambira lokondedwa ndi menyu Yoyambira bwino.

Zotchulidwa zodziwika kwa ogwiritsa ntchito Dokotala wa Apple idayambitsidwa mu 2000 ndikutulutsidwa kwa Mac OS X yotchedwa Cheetah. Zisanafike chaka cha 2000, ogwiritsa ntchito makina a Apple adagwiritsa ntchito batani lapamwamba la menyu kuyambitsa ndikusankha mapulogalamu, ndikusintha mapulogalamu omwe anali akugwira kale. Pamene opaleshoni dongosolo X 10.5, amatchedwanso Leopard, yomwe inatulutsidwa mu October 2007, Dock (7) yakonzedwanso pogwiritsa ntchito njira yowonetsera yomwe tikudziwa lero.

UNIX ndipo osati UNIX

Windows machitidwe, Mac Os i magawo osiyanasiyana a Linux (kuphatikiza Android ya banja ili) - izi sizomwe msika umapereka. Ziyenera kufotokozedwa momveka bwino kuti zinthu zambiri zosiyanasiyana padziko lapansi zimagwirizana mwa njira imodzi; mwachitsanzo, Linux imatengera kachitidwe kakale ka UNIX kopangidwa ndi Bell Labs kuyambira kumapeto kwa 60s. Machitidwe amakono a Apple amachokera ku UNIX. Chifukwa chake, pali maukonde olumikizirana, koma ambiri opanga mapulogalamu, makamaka omwe amapanga machitidwewa, amayesa kuti asawawone ngati "ofanana" ndikugogomezera kusiyana. Dzina lakuti Linux palokha liyenera kukhala chidule cha "Linux Si UniX". Izi zikutanthauza kuti Linux ndi yofanana ndi UNIX, koma idapangidwa popanda code ya Unix, mosiyana, mwachitsanzo, BSD () ndi mitundu yake.

Chitsanzo cha dongosolo logwirizana koma losiyana ndi Chrome Os, opangidwa ndi Google, ntchito yaikulu ya dongosolo ndi kuyambitsa mapulogalamu a intaneti. Imapezeka pamalaputopu ambiri otsika mtengo komanso okwera mtengo. Makompyuta omwe adayikidwa kale ndi Chrome OS amadziwika pamsika chromebook.

Mmodzi mwa mbadwa za BSD pamwambapa adayimba FreeBSD (zisanu). Mtundu woyamba wa makinawo unatulutsidwa mu 8. Pali mitundu iwiri yokhazikika yomwe ilipo komanso yothandizidwa: 1993 ndi 11.4. Dzina la FreeBSD lidabwera David Greenman kuchokera pa CD ya Walnut Creek yomwe idathandizira ntchitoyi kuyambira pachiyambi. Mascot ovomerezeka a FreeBSD ndiye chiwandacho, mawu ovomerezeka ndi akuti “Mphamvu Yotumikira.” Chifukwa chakuchita bwino komanso kudalirika kwake, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati seva kapena firewall. FreeBSD imagwiritsidwa ntchito, mwachitsanzo. kudzera Apache.org, Netflix, Flight-Aware, Yahoo!, Yandex, Netcraft, Sony Playstation 4, WhatsApp.

Makina opangira opangira kunyumba (kuwongolera kosavuta, ma multimedia) ndi ntchito zamaofesi, nawonso Syllable. Idapangidwa mu Julayi 2002 ngati nthambi ya dongosolo la AtheOSyomwe idasiyidwa ndi wolemba wake Kurt Skauen. Mapangidwe a kernel ndi dongosolo, monga pulojekiti ya AtheOS, adauziridwa ndi AmigaOS system.

ReactOS imatengedwa ngati cholozera cha Windows, pulogalamu yaulere yapakompyuta yamunthu yomwe imagwira ntchito ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya Windows. Lingaliro ladongosolo limaphatikizapo kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu a Windows ndi madalaivala, komanso ma OS/2, Java, ndi POSIX.

ReactOS inalembedwa mu Cndi zinthu zina monga ReactOS Explorer mu C ++. Omwe amapanga ReactOS amati siwofanana ndi Windows. ReactOS yakhala ikukula kuyambira 1996. Kubwerera mu 2019, idawonedwabe ngati mtundu wosakwanira wa pulogalamu ya alpha, kotero opanga amangoilimbikitsa pazoyesa. Mapulogalamu ambiri a Windows monga Adobe Reader 6.0 ndi OpenOffice akugwira ntchito pa izo.

Sikuti aliyense amadziwa Solaris ndi UNIX-based opareshoni system yomwe idapangidwa koyambirira ndi Sun Microsystems chapakati pa 90s, koma idasinthidwanso mu 2010 kuti Oracle Solaris kutsatira kupeza kwa Sun Microsystems ndi Oracle. Imadziwika chifukwa cha scalability ndi zina zingapo zomwe zapangitsa kuti ntchito zosangalatsa zitheke.

Pali machitidwe ambiri ogwiritsira ntchito omwe anali ofunika mu nthawi yawo, koma osafanana ndi AmigaOS; OS/2 kuchokera ku IBM ndi Microsoft, tingachipeze powerenga Mac OS, mwachitsanzo. omwe sanali a Unix kutsogola ku Apple MacOS, BeOS, XTS-300, RISC OS, MorphOS, Haiku, Bare-Metal ndi FreeMint. Zina mwazo zimagwiritsidwabe ntchito m'misika ya niche ndipo zikupitilizabe kupangidwa ngati nsanja zazing'ono za anthu okonda komanso otukuka.

OpenVMS idapangidwa mu DEK pa pa. Machitidwe ena ogwiritsira ntchito amagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupifupi m'masukulu kuti aphunzitse machitidwe opangira opaleshoni kapena kufufuza mfundo za OS. Chitsanzo chodziwika bwino cha dongosolo lomwe limachita zonsezi ndi MPHAMVU. Lina, lotchedwa limodzi, limagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza. Oberon adapangidwa ku ETH Zurich Nicholas Virtha, Yurga Gutknehta ndi gulu la ophunzira m'zaka za m'ma 80, linkagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pofufuza, kuphunzitsa ndi ntchito za tsiku ndi tsiku mu gulu la Wirth. Komabe, machitidwe ena ogwiritsira ntchito omwe sanapeze gawo lalikulu pamsika adayambitsa zatsopano zomwe zidakhudza zomwe zikuyenda bwino. Izi ndizowona makamaka pakufufuza ndi kuyesa kwa Bell Labs.

ndi chimodzimodzi machitidwe osiyanasiyana opangira kumapulatifomu ena kupatula ma PC, mafoni am'manja ndi mapiritsi. Kwa zaka zambiri, njira zosiyana zakhala zikupangidwira ma TV anzeru, magalimoto, mawotchi, Intaneti ya Zinthu (9), ndi zina zotero. Mwachitsanzo Makina ogwiritsira ntchito Android TV Os sizili zofanana ndi zomwe tili nazo mu foni yamakono. Makina ophatikizidwa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magalimoto, mwachitsanzo, amatha kukhala amitundu yambiri, okhala ndi zoikamo zambiri pa chipangizo chimodzi, chifukwa makina apakompyuta pamagalimoto amakhala ndi mapurosesa ambiri. Purosesa iliyonse (panthawiyi, microcontroller) ikhoza kukhala ndi machitidwe osiyanasiyana (kapena ofanana) kapena ayi.

9. Njira yogwiritsira ntchito intaneti ya zinthu

Mafoni otseguka machitidwe komanso oyendetsedwa ndipakati

Pafupifupi zaka 15 zapitazo, adatsogola pamsika wolumikizirana ndi mafoni. Symbian system, lero ndi mbiri yakale ya OS, monga PalmOS, webOS. Pakadali pano, monga mukudziwira, msika wama foni ogwiritsira ntchito mafoni umayang'aniridwa ndi Android, pulogalamu yotseguka komanso yaulere yopangidwa ndi Google yomwe ili ndi makina ogwiritsira ntchito, middleware ndi mapulogalamu ofunikira omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazida zam'manja.

Linux kernel ndi zigawo zina zosinthidwa za Android zimatulutsidwa pansi pa GNU GPL. Komabe, Android sichiphatikiza ma code kuchokera ku polojekiti ya GNU. Izi zimasiyanitsa Android ndi magawo ena ambiri a Linux masiku ano. Zosintha zamakina a Android zidasindikizidwa kale pansi pa mayina okhudzana ndi mchere (Cupcake, Donut, Eclair, Gingerbread, Honeycomb, Ice Cream Sandwich). Kwa zaka ziwiri tsopano, mitundu ya Android yangowerengedwa motsatizana.

wachiwiri iOS ndi foni yam'manja, chinthu cha Apple cha iPhone, iPod touch, ndi zida zam'manja za iPad. Dzinali lakhala likugwira ntchito kuyambira 2010. Dongosololi linkadziwika kale kuti iPhone OS. Dongosolo ili lakhazikitsidwa Mac OS X 10.5. iOS imangopezeka pazida za Apple chifukwa kampaniyo ilibe chilolezo cha makina opangira zida kuchokera kwa opanga ena. Mapulogalamu onse amamasulidwa payekha ndi Apple Inc. ndipo imagawidwa kuchokera kunkhokwe imodzi () chapakati kudzera mu AppStore ndi siginecha yovomerezeka yotsimikizira. Chitsanzo chogawa ichi, ngakhale kuti chimayendetsedwa pakati, chimalola kuletsa kufalikira kwa pulogalamu yaumbanda, kukonzanso bwino ndi kukonzanso kotero kuti kukhala ndi chitetezo chapamwamba chosayerekezeka ndi khalidwe kwa onse ogwiritsa ntchito.

Windows Mobile ndi makina ogwiritsira ntchito mafoni a Microsoft omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mafoni ndi mafoni - yokhala ndi zowonera kapena popanda iwo. Makina ogwiritsira ntchito mafoni amachokera pa Windows CE 5.2 kernel.

Windows Mobile ndi makina opangira opangira PocketPC PDAs, PDAs, ndi mafoni a m'manja. Wotsatira mndandanda wa Windows Mobile anali Windows Phone, yomwe idayambitsidwa pa Seputembara 27, 2011. Mu 2015, Microsoft idabwerera ku dzina lake lakale ndikuyambitsa Windows 10 Mobile opareting'i sisitimu, koma dongosololi silili la Windows Mobile banja, lomwe limachokera ku Windows CE kernel. Ndi ya Windows 10 banja ngati gawo lopanga nsanja yapadziko lonse lapansi yotchedwa Universal Windows Platform.

Dongosolo lina lodziwika pamsika wam'manja Os ndi BlackBerryOS, ndi eni ake opangira mafoni opangidwa ndi Research In Motion kuti agwiritse ntchito pazida zam'manja za BlackBerry zodziwika zaka zambiri zapitazo. BlackBerry nsanja inali yotchuka ndi ogwiritsa ntchito makampani chifukwa, ikaphatikizidwa ndi BlackBerry Enterprise Server, imapereka kulumikizana ndi Microsoft Exchange, Lotus Domino, imelo ya Novell GroupWise, ndi mapulogalamu ena abizinesi.

Palinso malingaliro ena osadziwika bwino monga Bada, Samsung opaleshoni dongosolo mafoniyomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 2010. Foni yoyamba kugwiritsa ntchito inali Samsung Wave. Opareting'i sisitimu izi motsatira Kugawa kwa Linux, idapangidwa pophatikiza kugawa kwa Moblin (yopangidwa ndi Intel) ndi Zoyenera (Yothandizidwa ndi Nokia) pazida zam'manja ndi mapulogalamu osiyanasiyana monga magalimoto, ma yacht, mafoni, ma netbook kapena mapiritsi. Kuwonetsedwa kwa foni yam'manja yoyamba yokhala ndi MeeGo v1.2, Nokia N9, kunachitika pa June 21, 2011.

Takulandilani ku zoo yoyendetsera ntchito

Monga mukuonera, machitidwe ogwiritsira ntchito akuchuluka. Iwo anawuka ndi kusandulika, nthambi kuchoka mu Mabaibulo atsopano, makamaka pankhani mabanja ndi Mibadwo ya Linuxkukwaniritsa zosowa zosiyanasiyana za akatswiri nthawi zina. Monga gawo la chisinthiko chovuta ichi komanso chamitundu yambiri, zolengedwa zingapo zoyambirira, ngati sizodabwitsa, zidapangidwa.

Cholengedwa chodabwitsa chotero, mwachitsanzo. KachisiOS, kale J Operating System, SparrowOS ndi LoseThos - kuwala machitidwe a Baibulo. Linapangidwa ndi wolemba mapulogalamu wa ku America monga kachisi wachitatu woloseredwa m’Baibulo. Terriego A. Davis. Davis adanena kuti machitidwe monga 640 × 480 pixel resolution, mawonedwe amitundu 16, ndi zowongolera zomvera zidaperekedwa kwa iye ndi Mulungu. Idakonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito chilankhulo choyambirira cha chilankhulo cha C (chotchedwa HolyC) ndikuphatikiza, mwa zina, choyimira ndege, chophatikiza, ndi kernel.

Mkhalidwe wofanana ndi womwewo waphimbidwa ndi post-apocalyptic Collapse OS yopangidwa ndi Virgil Dupras. Izi opaleshoni dongosolo amapereka mapulogalamu odzipangira okha i kudzikhazikitsa pazida zosiyanasiyana, komanso ntchito zina zambiri. Ntchito yayikulu ya dongosololi ndikuyambitsa zida zingapo zakale zomwe zimatha kukhalapo pambuyo pa tsoka lapadziko lonse lapansi.

Mapangidwe ena oyambira, hoops, idapangidwa kuti ipangitsenso zomwe zimadziwika kwa ogwiritsa ntchito makina akale a Amiga pama PC amakono. Komabe, m'kupita kwa nthawi, monga momwe zinakhalira, mapulogalamuwa adakula kuposa oyambirira, kukhala chinthu choyambirira chosagwirizana ndi masiku achikondi a makompyuta.

North Korea imadziwika kuti imadzipatula kudziko lakunja. Izi zikugwiranso ntchito ku mapulogalamu. Makompyuta mu DPR-D sagwira ntchito pa Windows kapena Apple, koma pa Red Star (Pulgunbyol). Izi UNIX ofotokoza opaleshoni dongosolo anapangidwa kumeneko pa National Computer Center ndi imaphatikizapo msakatuli wosinthidwa kutengera Firefoxzomwe zimakupatsani mwayi wofikira pa intaneti yamakono, cholembera zolemba, ngakhale masewera. Red Star ilinso ndi mawonekedwe monga watermarking system yomwe imayika mafayilo onse okhala ndi nambala yapadera yoyika kuti athe kutsata, komanso mwayi wofikira kumbuyo kwa mabungwe anzeru aku Korea.

Imapangidwa pang'ono ngati Sabili system, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti "Ubuntu Muslim Edition". Sabily ndiye kugawa kwake kwa Linux. idakhazikitsidwa mu 2007 kuti ithandize ogwiritsa ntchito Asilamu. Kuphatikiza pa zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi makina ogwiritsira ntchito, Sabily akuphatikizapo chithandizo cha chinenero cha Chiarabu kunja kwa bokosi. Makina ogwiritsira ntchito alinso ndi mapulogalamu angapo apadera, monga chithunzi chomwe chimayitanitsa Asilamu kuti azipemphera kangapo patsiku, kapena Zakat Calc kuthandiza wogwiritsa ntchito kudziwa kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe amafunikira. Ntchito ya Sabily idathetsedwa mu 2011 koma ikupezeka pa ArchiveOS.

Zodzaza ndi zovuta Kudzipha Linuxzomwe, zitalowa lamulo losadziwika ndi Linux standard, zimapanga hard disk, zomwe ziyenera kumveka ngati "chilango". Kapena PonyOS, kachitidwe kosangalatsa komangidwa kuchokera pansi ndi kwa mafani a My Little Pony kutengera dongosolo lina losadziwika bwino, Toaru. Kuphatikiza pa mawonekedwe odzaza ndi mahatchi okongola, PonyOS imapereka chinthu chimodzi chosangalatsa - mazenera ozungulira a GUI kuphatikiza kuchepera kwawo komanso kusuntha kwawo.

Digital Real World OS

Izi zili mu nthawi yathu. Ndipo machitidwe opangira ndi okonzeka. Kampani yaku America ya Veritone idalengeza mu Epulo 2020 kuti yachita bwino kupanga yoyamba padziko lonse lapansi. Chogulitsa chake chotchedwa "aiWARE" chimayendetsa ma algorithms a AI m'malo mwa mapulogalamu. Zofikira ayiWARE zikuphatikizapo zolankhula, zolemba, mawu, kujambula, biometrics, kusanthula deta, kusintha deta ndi zina. Chifukwa chake, mwachitsanzo, ntchito yothandizira mawu idapangidwa kale m'zida zachikhalidwe ndipo imapezeka mu pulogalamu ina.

Popeza nzeru yokumba, kuzindikira kulankhula kapena chithunzi, othandizira kwenikweni i Njira Zomwe zimatchedwa zachilengedwe zamakina zimayamba kupanga masiku ano malo atsopano omwe munthu wamakono amatha kusuntha, kukhala, kugwira ntchito, kugula, kusewera ndi zina zambiri, lingaliro la "opaleshoni" limakula ndikusuntha mwakachetechete kuchokera kudziko la makompyuta. ndi zida zina zamakompyuta za chilengedwe chathu, malo ozungulira komanso dziko lomwe tikukhalamo tsiku lililonse.

Kodi tsogolo liri la "dongosolo lapadziko lonse lapansi", ndiye kuti, zothetsera zomwe zimagwirizanitsa china chake kuposa kungogwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu ndi zida? Kodi machitidwe atsopano ogwiritsira ntchito posachedwa adzatsimikizira kuyanjana ndi kugwira ntchito bwino kwa zinthu zomwe zikuchitika, makina ndi dziko lenileni? Dongosolo loterolo silingagawireko zinthu zapakompyuta za purosesa, komanso mwayi wopeza malingaliro athu, chidwi ndi luso lachidziwitso, i.e. ku ubongo wathu.

Chidule cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya machitidwe opangira

Nthawi yeniyeni yogwiritsira ntchito (dongosolo la nthawi yeniyeni, RTOS) - kukwaniritsa zofunikira za nthawi yochita zomwe mukufuna. Makina oterowo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zinthu zamakina owongolera makompyuta omwe amagwira ntchito munthawi yeniyeni. Malinga ndi muyezo uwu, makina ogwiritsira ntchito nthawi yeniyeni amagawidwa m'mitundu iwiri:

• wokhazikika, i.e. zomwe nthawi yoyipa kwambiri (yaikulu) yoyankhira imadziwika ndipo imadziwika kuti sidzadutsa;
• zofewa, i.e. omwe amayesa kuyankha mwachangu momwe angathere, koma sizidziwika kuti nthawi yayitali bwanji yoyankha ingakhale.

Munthawi yeniyeni yogwiritsira ntchito, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti ndi njira iti yomwe iyenera kuperekedwa kwa purosesa komanso kuti njira zonse zogwiritsiridwa ntchito zidzakwaniritsa nthawi yayitali bwanji. Kuwonekera kwa machitidwe ogwiritsira ntchito amtunduwu kumagwirizanitsidwa, mwa zina, ndi kufunikira kwa zida zankhondo pa nthawi yake yoyendetsa mizinga. Makina ogwiritsira ntchito awa tsopano akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'makampani omwe si anthu wamba, ndipo amawongoleranso zida monga kusinthana kwa mafoni, ma NASA Mars landers, ndi ma ABS amagalimoto. Zitsanzo zodziwika bwino ndi Windows CE, OS-9, Symbian ndi LynxOS.

Mwa njira yolumikizirana ndi wogwiritsa ntchito, timasiyanitsa:

• Kachitidwe ka malemba - kulankhulana pogwiritsa ntchito malamulo operekedwa ku mzere wolamula kapena, mwa kuyankhula kwina, kuchokera pamzere wolamula (mwachitsanzo, UNIX, MS-DOS).
• Zojambulajambula machitidwe - kulumikizana pogwiritsa ntchito mazenera azithunzi ndi zizindikiro (GUI). Kompyutala imayendetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito cholozera mbewa (mwachitsanzo, MS Windows family, Mac OS).

Malinga ndi zomangamanga, machitidwe ogwiritsira ntchito amagawidwa m'magulu:

• machitidwe a cholinga chimodzi. Awa ndi machitidwe a monolithic a mapangidwe osavuta. Dongosololi limatha kugwira ntchito imodzi panthawi imodzi. Pulogalamu imodzi yokha imatha kugwira ntchito nthawi imodzi (mwachitsanzo, MS-DOS).
• Multitasking systems (multitasking). Awa ndi machitidwe amitundu yambiri okhala ndi dongosolo lotsogola la malamulo adongosolo. Dongosololi limatha kuchita ntchito zambiri nthawi imodzi (mwachitsanzo, kuwongolera kusindikiza pomwe mukukonza zolemba mu pulogalamuyi). Mapulogalamu angapo amatha nthawi imodzi (monga MS Windows 9x/Me, NT/2000/XP, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, OS/2 Warp). 
• Kachitidwe kogwirizana. Awa ndi machitidwe omwe amathandiza wogwiritsa ntchito m'modzi yekha panthawi (monga MS-DOS, Windows 9x/Me). 
• machitidwe ambiri ogwiritsa ntchito. Awa ndi machitidwe omwe amathandiza ogwiritsa ntchito angapo nthawi imodzi. Purosesa imagwira ntchito zingapo motsatana, kusinthasintha pafupipafupi kotero kuti ogwiritsa ntchito amatha kulumikizana ndi pulogalamuyo ikugwira ntchito (monga MS Windows NT/2000/XP, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, OS/2 Warp). 
• Makasitomala-seva machitidwe. Awa ndi machitidwe ovuta kwambiri omwe amayang'anira machitidwe achiwiri omwe amaikidwa pa makompyuta omwe ali ndi intaneti. Mapulogalamu amatengedwa ndi opareshoni ngati "makasitomala" a maseva omwe amapereka chithandizo kwa iwo. "Makasitomala" amalumikizana ndi ma seva kudzera pachimake cha dongosolo, ndipo seva iliyonse imayendetsa yokha, yodzipatula komanso yotetezedwa malo okumbukira, otalikirana ndi njira zina.

Dongosolo lophatikizidwa - makina apadera apakompyuta omwe amakhala gawo lofunikira pazida zomwe amagwira. Iyenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira zina, zofotokozedwa mosamalitsa malinga ndi ntchito zomwe ziyenera kuchita. Chifukwa chake, sizingatchulidwe kuti ndi makompyuta amtundu wamitundumitundu. Dongosolo lililonse lophatikizidwa limakhazikitsidwa ndi microprocessor (kapena microcontroller) yokonzedwa kuti igwire ntchito zingapo kapena ntchito imodzi. Kompyuta yomwe inkayang'anira chombo cha ku America cha Apollo imatengedwa kuti ndiyo kompyuta yoyamba kulumikizidwa. Komabe, kompyuta yoyamba yogulitsira malonda idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera zida za LGM-30 Minuteman I. Windows CE, FreeBSD, ndi Minix 3 ndi zitsanzo zochepa.

ophatikizidwa machitidwe opaleshoni. Kugwiritsa ntchito Linux pamakina ophatikizidwa kumatchedwa Embedded Linux. 

Mobile opaleshoni dongosolo (kapena mobile OS) - makina ogwiritsira ntchito mafoni, mapiritsi, ma PDA kapena zida zina zam'manja. Makina ogwiritsira ntchito mafoni amaphatikiza ntchito zamakompyuta ndi ntchito zina zothandiza pa foni yam'manja kapena zida zina zam'manja; Nthawi zambiri izi ndi: kukhudza chophimba, foni, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, navigation, kamera, kamera, kuzindikira kulankhula, chojambulira mawu, nyimbo player, NFC ndi infuraredi doko. Zipangizo zam'manja zomwe zimatha kulankhulana (monga mafoni a m'manja) zimakhala ndi machitidwe awiri ogwiritsira ntchito mafoni - pulogalamu yaikulu yowonekera kwa wogwiritsa ntchito, yowonjezeredwa ndi ndondomeko yapansi yeniyeni yomwe imathandizira wailesi ndi zigawo zina. Zitsanzo zodziwika bwino: Blackberry OS, Google Android ndi Apple iOS.