Mofulumira, Mwabata, Oyeretsa - Injini Yatsopano Ya Ndege

Zikuoneka kuti kuti musinthe kwambiri paulendo wa pandege, simuyenera kuyang'ana ma propellers atsopano, mapangidwe amtsogolo kapena zida zamlengalenga. Ndikokwanira kugwiritsa ntchito njira yosavuta yamakina ...

Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri zazaka zaposachedwa. Geared turbofan motors (GTF) amalola kompresa ndi fani kuti azizungulira pa liwiro losiyana. Makina oyendetsa mafani amazungulira ndi shaft ya fan koma amalekanitsa injini ya fan kuchokera ku compressor yotsika ndi turbine. Faniyi imazungulira pang'onopang'ono, pomwe kompresa ndi turbine yotsika imagwira ntchito pa liwiro lalikulu. Gawo lililonse la injini limatha kugwira ntchito bwino kwambiri. Pambuyo pa zaka 20 za R&D ndi R&D kuwononga pafupifupi $1000 biliyoni, banja la Pratt & Whitney PurePower PW2016G turbofan linali likugwira ntchito zaka zingapo zapitazo ndipo lakhala likudziwika kwambiri mundege zamalonda kuyambira XNUMX.

Ma injini amakono a turbofan amapanga mphamvu m'njira ziwiri. Choyamba, ma compressor ndi chipinda choyaka moto chili pakatikati pake. Kutsogolo kuli fani yomwe, yoyendetsedwa ndi pachimake, imawongolera mpweya kudzera m'zipinda zodutsa kuzungulira pakati pa injini. Chiŵerengero cha bypass ndi chiŵerengero cha kuchuluka kwa mpweya umene umadutsa pachimake ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya womwe ukudutsamo. Nthawi zambiri, chiŵerengero chapamwamba cholambalala chimatanthauza injini zabata, zogwira mtima komanso zamphamvu kwambiri. Ma injini ochiritsira a turbofan ali ndi chiŵerengero cholambalala cha 9 mpaka 1. Ma injini a Pratt PurePower GTF ali ndi chiwerengero cha 12 mpaka 1.

Kuti achulukitse chiŵerengero cha bypass, opanga magalimoto ayenera kuonjezera kutalika kwa mafani. Komabe, ikatalikitsidwa, liwiro lozungulira lomwe limapezeka kumapeto kwa tsambalo lidzakhala lalitali kwambiri kotero kuti kugwedezeka kosafunikira kudzachitika. Mufunika ma fan kuti muchedwetse, ndipo ndi zomwe gearbox imapangidwira. Injini yotereyi imatha kukhala yokwera mpaka 16 peresenti, malinga ndi Pratt & Whitney. mafuta abwino kwambiri komanso 50 peresenti. utsi wocheperako ndipo ndi 75 peresenti. chete. Posachedwapa, SWISS ndi Air Baltic adalengeza kuti injini zawo za GTF C-mndandanda wa jet zimawononga ngakhale mafuta ochepa kuposa momwe wopanga amalonjeza.

PW1100G-JM injini pa mzere kupanga

Magazini ya TIME inatcha injini ya PW1000G imodzi mwazinthu 50 zofunika kwambiri za 2011 komanso imodzi mwa zinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi zomwe zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi chilengedwe, monga Pratt & Whitney PurePower yapangidwa kuti ikhale yoyera, yopanda phokoso, yamphamvu kwambiri komanso yogwiritsira ntchito mafuta ochepa kuposa injini za jet zomwe zilipo kale. Mu 2016, Richard Anderson, pulezidenti wa Delta Air Lines, adatcha injiniyo "njira yatsopano yowona" kuyambira pomwe Boeing's Dreamliner idasinthiratu zomangamanga.

Kupulumutsa ndi kuchepetsa mpweya

Gawo lazamalonda la ndege limatulutsa matani oposa 700 miliyoni a carbon dioxide pachaka. Ngakhale ndi pafupifupi 2 peresenti yokha. padziko lonse lapansi mpweya woipa wa carbon dioxide, pali umboni wakuti mpweya wowonjezera kutentha mu mafuta a jet umakhudza kwambiri mlengalenga pamene amamasulidwa kumalo okwera kwambiri.

Opanga injini zazikulu akuyang'ana kuti apulumutse mafuta ndi kuchepetsa mpweya. Pratt mpikisano wa CFM International posachedwapa idayambitsa injini yake yapamwamba yotchedwa LEAP, yomwe akuluakulu a kampaniyo akuti imapereka zotsatira zofanana ndi turbofan yoyendetsedwa mopanda mayankho ena. CFM imati muzomangamanga zachikhalidwe za turbofan, phindu lomwelo lingathe kupezedwa popanda kulemera kowonjezera ndi kukoka kwa powertrain. LEAP imagwiritsa ntchito zida zopepuka zophatikizika ndi masamba a kaboni fiber fan kuti ikwaniritse zowongolera zamagetsi zomwe kampaniyo imati ndizofanana ndi zomwe zimapezedwa ndi injini ya Pratt & Whitney.

Mpaka pano, kuyitanitsa kwamainjini a Airbus a A320neo agawika pafupifupi pakati pa CFM ndi Pratt & Whitney. Tsoka ilo kwa kampani yomalizayi, ma PurePower motors akubweretsa zovuta kwa ogwiritsa ntchito. Yoyamba idawonekera chaka chino, pomwe kuziziritsa kosafanana kwa injini za GTF kudalembedwa ku Qatar Airways Airbus A320neo. Kuzizira kosagwirizana kungayambitse kupindika ndi kukangana kwa magawo, ndipo nthawi yomweyo kuwonjezera nthawi pakati pa ndege. Chotsatira chake, ndegeyo inatsimikiza kuti injinizo sizinakwaniritse zofunikira zogwirira ntchito. Posakhalitsa, akuluakulu oyendetsa ndege ku India adayimitsa ndege 11 za Airbus A320neo zoyendetsedwa ndi injini za PurePower GTF. Malinga ndi Economic Times, chisankhocho chidabwera ndege zoyendetsedwa ndi Airbus GTF zidasokonekera katatu mkati mwa milungu iwiri. Pratt & Whitney amatsitsa zovuta izi, ponena kuti ndizosavuta kuthana nazo.

Airbus electronic fan

Chimphona china pa injini ya ndege, Rolls-Royce, ikupanga Power Gearbox yake, yomwe pofika 2025 idzachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta mu turbofans ndi 25%. poyerekeza ndi mitundu yakale ya odziwika bwino Trent injini osiyanasiyana. Izi, ndithudi, zikutanthauza mpikisano watsopano wa Pratt & Whitney.

Anthu aku Britain akuganizanso za mitundu ina yaukadaulo. Pamsonkhano waposachedwa wa Singapore Airshow, Rolls-Royce adayambitsa IntelligentEngine Initiative, yomwe cholinga chake ndi kupanga injini zanzeru zandege zomwe zimakhala zotetezeka komanso zogwira ntchito bwino kudzera pakutha kulumikizana wina ndi mnzake komanso kudzera pa intaneti yothandizira. Popereka kulumikizana kosalekeza kwa njira ziwiri ndi injini ndi mbali zina za chilengedwe chautumiki, injiniyo imatha kuthana ndi mavuto asanachitike ndikuphunzira momwe angagwiritsire ntchito bwino. Adzaphunziranso kuchokera m’mbiri ya ntchito yawo ndi injini zina, ndipo mokulira anafunikira kudzikonza okha popita.

Drive ikufunika mabatire abwinoko

Masomphenya a ndege a European Commission a 2050 akufuna kuchepetsa mpweya wa CO.₂ ndi 75 peresenti, ma nitrogen oxides ndi 90 peresenti. ndipo phokoso ndi 65 peresenti. Sizingatheke ndi matekinoloje omwe alipo. Makina oyendetsa magetsi ndi ma hybrid-electric propulsion pakali pano akuwoneka ngati imodzi mwamaukadaulo odalirika kwambiri kuti athane ndi zovuta izi.

Pali ndege zoyendera magetsi zokhala ndi mipando iwiri pamsika. Magalimoto amagetsi osakanizidwa okhala ndi anthu anayi ali pafupi. NASA imalosera kuti koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 20, ndege zamtundu uwu zazifupi, zokhala ndi mipando isanu ndi inayi zibweretsanso maulendo apaulendo kumadera ang'onoang'ono. Ku Europe ndi ku US, asayansi amakhulupirira kuti pofika 2030 ndizotheka kupanga ndege yamagetsi yosakanizidwa yokhala ndi mipando 100. Komabe, kupita patsogolo kwakukulu kudzafunika m'munda wosungira mphamvu.

Pakadali pano, kuchuluka kwamphamvu kwa mabatire sikukwanira. Komabe, zonsezi zikhoza kusintha. Bwana wa Tesla Elon Musk adanena kuti mabatire akatha kupanga maola 400 pa kilogalamu imodzi, ndipo chiŵerengero cha mphamvu ya selo ndi kulemera kwake ndi 0,7-0,8, ndege yamagetsi yamagetsi idzakhala "njira ina yovuta." Poganizira kuti mabatire a lithiamu-ion adatha kupeza mphamvu zochulukirapo za 113 Wh/kg mu 1994, 202 Wh/kg mu 2004, ndipo tsopano amatha kufika pafupifupi 300 Wh/kg, tingaganize kuti mkati mwa zaka khumi zikubwerazi. adzafika mlingo 400 Wh/kg.

Ntchito ya Kitty Hawk yamagetsi yokhala ndi anthu awiri

Airbus, Rolls-Royce ndi Siemens posachedwapa adagwirizana kuti apange chiwonetsero cha E-Fan X chowuluka, chomwe chidzakhala sitepe yofunika kwambiri pamayendedwe amagetsi osakanizidwa ndi magetsi. Chiwonetsero chaukadaulo wamagetsi wa E-Fan X chikuyembekezeka kukhala -Fan X iwuluka mu 2020 pambuyo pa kampeni yayikulu yoyesa pansi. Mugawo loyamba, BAe 146 idzalowa m'malo mwa injini imodzi mwa anayi ndi injini yamagetsi ya XNUMX MW. Pambuyo pake, akukonzekera kusintha turbine yachiwiri ndi injini yamagetsi pambuyo posonyeza kukhwima kwa dongosolo.

Airbus idzakhala ndi udindo wophatikizana pamodzi komanso kayendetsedwe ka magetsi osakanizidwa ndi mamangidwe oyendetsa mabatire komanso kugwirizanitsa ndi machitidwe oyendetsa ndege. Rolls-Royce adzakhala ndi udindo pa injini ya turbine ya gasi, jenereta ya XNUMX-megawatt ndi zamagetsi zamagetsi. Pamodzi ndi Airbus, Rolls-Royce adzagwiranso ntchito yosinthira mafani kuti agwirizane ndi Nokia nacelle yomwe ilipo ndi mota yamagetsi. Siemens idzapereka ma motors amagetsi a XNUMX MW ndi magetsi oyendetsa magetsi, komanso inverter, converter ndi dongosolo logawa mphamvu.

Malo ambiri ofufuza padziko lonse lapansi akugwira ntchito pa ndege zamagetsi, kuphatikizapo NASA, yomwe ikumanga X-57 Maxwell. Pulojekiti yamagetsi ya Kitty Hawk yokhala ndi anthu awiri okhala ndi ndege komanso nyumba zina zambiri zamalo akulu, makampani kapena zoyambira zazing'ono zikupangidwanso.

Popeza kuti moyo wapakati wa ndege zonyamula katundu ndi zaka pafupifupi 21 ndi 33, motero, ngakhale ndege zonse zatsopano zomwe zimatulutsidwa mawa zimakhala zamagetsi, zingatenge zaka ziwiri kapena makumi atatu kuti athetse ndege zogwiritsa ntchito mafuta.

Kotero sizingagwire ntchito mwamsanga. Pakadali pano, ma biofuel amatha kupeputsa chilengedwe mu gawo la ndege. Amathandiza kuchepetsa mpweya wa carbon dioxide ndi 36-85 peresenti. Ngakhale kuti kusakaniza kwa biofuel kwa injini za jet kunatsimikiziridwa mu 2009, makampani oyendetsa ndege samafulumira kukhazikitsa kusintha. Pali zopinga zochepa zaukadaulo ndi zovuta zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kubweretsa kupanga mafuta amafuta kumakampani, koma cholepheretsa chachikulu ndi mtengo - zimatenga zaka zina khumi kuti tikwaniritse kufanana ndi mafuta oyaka.

Lowani M'tsogolo

Nthawi yomweyo, ma lab akugwira ntchito pazolinga za injini za ndege zam'tsogolo. Pakadali pano, mwachitsanzo, injini ya plasma sikuwoneka ngati yeniyeni, koma sizinganenedwe kuti ntchito zasayansi zitha kukhala zosangalatsa komanso zothandiza. Ma thrust a plasma amagwiritsa ntchito magetsi kupanga minda yamagetsi. Amapanikiza ndi kusangalatsa mpweya, monga mpweya kapena argon, kukhala plasma—malo otentha, wandiweyani, a ionized. Kafukufuku wawo tsopano akutsogolera ku lingaliro lakukhazikitsa ma satelayiti mumlengalenga (otulutsa ma ion). Komabe, Berkant Goeksel wa Technical University of Berlin ndi gulu lake akufuna kuika plasma thrusters pa ndege.

Cholinga cha kafukufukuyu ndi kupanga injini ya plasma ya air-jet yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ponyamuka komanso pamaulendo apamtunda okwera. Ma injini a plasma amapangidwa kuti azigwira ntchito m'malo opanda mpweya kapena mpweya wocheperako pomwe pamafunika mpweya. Komabe, gulu la Göksel linayesa chipangizo chomwe chimatha kugwira ntchito mumlengalenga ndi mphamvu ya mpweya umodzi. "Miphuno yathu ya plasma imatha kuthamanga mpaka makilomita 20 pamphindikati," akutero Göckel m'ndandanda wa msonkhano wa Journal of Physics.

Injini ya SABER mugalimoto ya hypersonic yamtsogolo

Poyamba, gululo lidayesa ma thrusters ang'onoang'ono mamilimita 80 kutalika. Kwa ndege yaying'ono, izi zitha kukhala chikwi chimodzi mwazomwe gulu likuwona kuti ndi zotheka. Cholepheretsa chachikulu, ndithudi, ndicho kusowa kwa mabatire opepuka. Asayansi akuganiziranso za ndege zosakanizidwa, momwe injini ya plasma idzaphatikizidwa ndi injini zoyatsira mkati kapena maroketi.

Tikamalankhula zaukadaulo wa injini ya jet, tisaiwale za SABER (Synergistic Air-Breathing Rocket Engine) yopangidwa ndi Reaction Engines Limited. Zimaganiziridwa kuti iyi idzakhala injini yogwira ntchito mumlengalenga komanso mu vacuum, yomwe ikuyenda pa hydrogen yamadzimadzi. Pa gawo loyamba la kuthawa, oxidizer adzakhala mpweya kuchokera mlengalenga (monga ochiritsira ndege injini), ndi kutalika 26 Km (kumene sitima kufika pa liwiro la zaka miliyoni 5) - madzi mpweya. Pambuyo posinthira ku rocket mode, idzafika pa liwiro la Mach 25.

HorizonX, mkono wa Boeing wochita nawo ndalama womwe ukugwira nawo ntchitoyi, sanasankhebe momwe SABER ingagwiritsire ntchito, kupatula kuti ikuyembekeza "kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wosinthika kuthandiza Boeing pakufuna kwawo ndege zapamwamba."

RAMJET ndi scramjet (injini ya jet yapamwamba yokhala ndi chipinda choyaka moto) akhala pamilomo ya mafani a ndege zothamanga kwambiri. Pakadali pano, amapangidwa makamaka pazolinga zankhondo. Komabe, monga momwe mbiri ya ndege ikuphunzitsira, zomwe zidzayesedwe munkhondo zidzapita ku kayendetsedwe ka ndege. Chomwe chimafunika ndi kudekha pang'ono.

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