British Strategic Aviation mpaka 1945 Gawo 3
Chakumapeto kwa 1943, mabomba ophulika a Halifax (achithunzi) ndi Stirling anachotsedwa ku Germany chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwakukulu.
Ngakhale kuti A. M. Harris, chifukwa cha chithandizo cha nduna yaikulu, akanayang’ana m’tsogolo ndi chidaliro ponena za kufutukuka kwa Bomber Command, ndithudi sakanatha kukhala wodekha chotero polingalira zimene anachita m’munda wa ntchito zogwirira ntchito. Ngakhale kukhazikitsidwa kwa Gee radio navigation system ndi njira zogwiritsira ntchito, mabomba a usiku anali akadali "nyengo yabwino" komanso "chandamale chosavuta" kupanga zolephera ziwiri kapena zitatu pa kupambana.
Kuwala kwa mwezi kunkatha kuwerengedwa kwa masiku angapo pamwezi ndipo kunkakonda anthu omenya nkhondo usiku omwe akuyenda bwino kwambiri. Nyengo inali lotale ndipo zolinga "zosavuta" nthawi zambiri zinalibe kanthu. Zinali zofunikira kupeza njira zomwe zingathandize kuti mabomba agwire bwino ntchito. Asayansi m'dzikoli ankagwira ntchito nthawi zonse, koma kunali koyenera kudikirira zipangizo zotsatirazi zomwe zimathandizira kuyenda. Kulumikizana konseku kumayenera kukhala ndi G system, koma nthawi yogwira ntchito yake, makamaka ku Germany, inali kutha mosakayika. Njira yothetsera vutoli inayenera kufunidwa njira ina.
Kupangidwa kwa Pathfinder Force mu March 1942 kuchokera ku malipiro ake kunasokoneza malire ena mu ndege zoponya mabomba - kuyambira pano, antchito ena amayenera kukhala okonzeka bwino, zomwe zinawathandiza kupeza zotsatira zabwino. Izi zidalankhula mokomera mfundo yoti ogwira ntchito odziwa zambiri kapena odziwa zambiri ayenera kutsogolera ndikuthandizira gulu lalikulu la amuna "apakati". Inali njira yololera komanso yooneka ngati yodziwonetsera yokha. Zikudziwika kuti kuyambira pachiyambi cha blitz, Ajeremani adachita zomwezo, omwe adapatsanso antchitowa zothandizira panyanja; zochita za "otsogolera" awa zinawonjezera mphamvu ya mphamvu zazikulu. Anthu a ku Britain ankaganizira mfundo imeneyi mosiyana pazifukwa zingapo. Choyamba, analibe chothandizira pakuyenda m'mbuyomu. Kuphatikiza apo, akuwoneka kuti adakhumudwitsidwa ndi lingaliroli - pakuwukira kwawo koyamba "kovomerezeka" ku Mannheim mu Disembala 1940, adaganiza zotumiza anthu odziwa bwino ntchito kuti awotse moto pakati pa mzindawo ndikutsata magulu ena onse. Nyengo ndi mawonekedwe ake anali abwino, koma si onse ogwira nawo ntchito omwe anatha kutaya katundu wawo pamalo oyenera, ndipo mawerengedwe a magulu akuluakulu adalamulidwa kuti azimitsa moto woyambitsidwa ndi "owombera" omwe sanayambike pamalo abwino ndipo nkhondo yonseyo inabalalika kwambiri. Zotsatira za kuukira kumeneku sizinali zolimbikitsa.
Kuphatikiza apo, zisankho zotere m'mbuyomu sizinakomere njira zochitira - popeza ogwira nawo ntchito adapatsidwa maola anayi kuti amalize kuwukira, moto womwe uli pamalo abwino utha kuzimitsidwa zisanachitike kuwerengetsa kwina kuti agwiritse ntchito kapena kuwalimbitsa. . Komanso, ngakhale kuti Royal Air Force, monga magulu ena onse a ndege padziko lapansi, anali osankhika mwa njira yawoyawo, makamaka pambuyo pa nkhondo ya Britain, m'mipingo yake inali yofanana kwambiri - dongosolo la asilikali ankhondo silinakulitsidwe, ndipo panalibe kukhulupirika kwa lingaliro la "gulu la asilikali". Izi zitha kukhala kuwukira mzimu wamba ndikuwononga mgwirizano popanga anthu kuchokera kwa "osankhidwawo". Mosasamala kanthu za mkhalidwe umenewu, mawu anali kumveka nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi kuti njira zanzeru zingawongoleredwe kokha mwa kupanga gulu lapadera la oyendetsa ndege odziŵa ntchito imeneyi, monga momwe Lord Cherwell anakhulupirira mu September 1941.
Izi zinkawoneka ngati njira yololera, chifukwa zinali zoonekeratu kuti gulu la oyendetsa ndege odziwa bwino, ngakhale kuyambira pachiyambi, pamapeto pake adzayenera kukwaniritsa chinachake pamapeto pake, pokhapokha chifukwa choti azichita nthawi zonse ndikudziwa zomwe zinali zolakwika - zokumana nazo zidzasonkhanitsidwa m'magulu oterowo ndi chitukuko cha organic chidzapindula. Kumbali ina, kulembera antchito angapo odziwa zambiri nthawi ndi nthawi ndikuwayika patsogolo kunali kutaya zomwe akanapeza. Malingaliro awa adathandizidwa kwambiri ndi Wachiwiri kwa Director of Bomber Operations mu Air Ministry, Captain General Bufton, yemwe anali msilikali wodziwa zambiri zankhondo zapadziko lonse lapansi m'malo mwa m'mbuyomu. Kumayambiriro kwa Marichi 1942, adauza A. M. Harris kuti magulu asanu ndi limodzi otere apangidwe makamaka kuti akhale "otsogolera". Iye ankakhulupirira kuti ntchitoyo inali yofulumira, choncho 40 mwa magulu abwino kwambiri a Bomber Command ayenera kuperekedwa kwa magulu awa, omwe sangakhale akufooketsa magulu akuluakulu, chifukwa gulu lirilonse lingapereke gulu limodzi lokha. G / Cpt Bufton adatsutsanso poyera za bungwe la mapangidwe kuti asalimbikitse zoyamba zapansi kapena kuzisunthira kumalo oyenera kumene angafufuzidwe. Ananenanso kuti, mwakufuna kwake, adayesa mayeso pakati pa olamulira ndi ndodo zosiyanasiyana ndipo lingaliro lake lidathandizidwa kwambiri.
A. M. Harris, monga akuluakulu onse a gulu lake, anali kutsutsana kwambiri ndi lingaliro ili - ankakhulupirira kuti kulengedwa kwa magulu osankhika otere kudzakhala ndi zotsatira zowonongeka pa mphamvu zazikulu, ndipo anawonjezera kuti amakondwera ndi zotsatira zomwe zilipo. Poyankha, G/Cpt Bufton anapanga mikangano yambiri yolimba kuti zotsatira zake zinali zokhumudwitsa ndipo zinali zotsatira za kusowa kwa "zolinga" zabwino mu gawo loyamba la zigawenga. Ananenanso kuti kusachita bwino nthawi zonse ndi chinthu chachikulu chogwetsa ulesi.
Popanda kufotokoza zambiri za zokambiranazi, ziyenera kuzindikirika kuti A. M. Harris mwiniwake, yemwe mosakayikira anali ndi khalidwe lonyansa komanso lokonda kukongoletsa mitundu, sanakhulupirire mokwanira mawu opita kwa Bambo Captain Bafton. Izi zikuwonetsedwa ndi malangizo ake osiyanasiyana omwe amatumizidwa kwa akuluakulu a gulu chifukwa cha kusagwira bwino ntchito kwa antchito awo, ndi malo ake olimba pakuyika mu ndege iliyonse kamera ya ndege yomwe ikuwoneka molakwika pakati pa ogwira ntchito kuti akakamize oyendetsa ndege kuti agwire ntchito yawo mwakhama ndipo kamodzi amathetsa "otsutsa". A. M. Harris anakonza zoti asinthe lamulo lowerengera kumenyedwa kwankhondo kukhala komwe mitundu yambiri iyenera kuwerengedwa potengera umboni wazithunzi. Oyang'anira gulu okhawo ankadziwa za mavuto a mapangidwe, omwe sanawonongeke ngati matsenga ndi kubwera kwa Gee. Zonsezi zidalankhula mokomera upangiri ndi lingaliro la G/kapt Bafton. Otsutsa a chisankho chotere, adatsogolera A.m. Harris, adayang'ana zifukwa zotheka kuti asapangire "
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