Bristol Beaufort mu gawo lautumiki la RAF 1
Beauforty Mk I wa 22 Squadron wokhala ku North Coates kugombe lakum'mawa kwa England; chaka cha 1940
Pakati pa ndege zambiri za Royal Air Force (RAF), zomwe chifukwa cha zochitika zinali pambali pa mbiri yakale, Beaufort ili ndi malo otchuka. Magulu omwe ali ndi izo, omwe amagwira ntchito pazida zosadalirika komanso kuchita mishoni zankhondo m'malo ovuta kwambiri, pafupifupi kupambana kulikonse (kuphatikiza zingapo zochititsa chidwi) kumawononga ndalama zambiri.
M'zaka zomwe nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse isanayambe komanso itatha, gawo lopanda ndalama zambiri la RAF linali Coast Command, popanda chifukwa Cinderella wa RAF. Royal Navy inali ndi gulu lake lankhondo (Fleet Air Arm), pomwe chofunikira kwambiri cha RAF chinali Fighter Command (omenyera) ndi Bomber Command (oponya mabomba). Chotsatira chake, madzulo a nkhondo, Vickers Vildebeest wakale, biplane ndi cockpit yotseguka ndi zida zokhazikika zokhazikika, adakhalabe wamkulu wa RAF torpedo mabomba.
L4445 yomwe ikuwonetsedwa pachithunzichi inali "chifaniziro" chachisanu cha Beaufort ndipo chachisanu nthawi yomweyo.
Seri kopi.
Kuwonekera ndi chitukuko cha kapangidwe
Mphatso ya wolowa m'malo mwa Vildebeest idalengezedwa ndi Ministry of Aviation mu 1935. Mafotokozedwe a M.15/35 adafotokoza zofunikira za bomba la mipando itatu, yowunikira injini zamapasa ndi fuselage torpedo compartment. Avro, Blackburn, Boulton Paul, Bristol, Handley Page ndi Vickers adatenga nawo gawo mu tender. M'chaka chomwechi, ndondomeko ya G.24/35 ya ndege yodziwika bwino ya injini ziwiri inasindikizidwa. Nthawiyi inaphatikizapo Avro, Blackburn, Boulton Paul, Bristol, Gloster ndi Westland. Bristol sanali wokondeka mwa aliyense wa ma tender awa. Komabe, panthawiyo ma tender onsewo anaphatikizidwa, kusindikiza mfundo 10/36. Bristol adapereka pulojekitiyi ndi dzina la fakitale Type 152. Ndege yokonzedwayo, yochokera ku mapangidwe a bomba la Blenheim, idapangidwa kuyambira pachiyambi kuti ikhale yosunthika momwe zingathere. Izi tsopano zidakhala mwayi wofunikira chifukwa makampani awiri okha - Bristol ndi Blackburn - adatenga nawo gawo patender yatsopanoyo potengera zomwe 10/36 zidafotokozedwa.
Chiyembekezo cha nkhondo yomwe ikubwera komanso kupanikizika kwa nthawi yogwirizana kunakakamiza Unduna wa Zamlengalenga kuyitanitsa ndege zonse - Bristol Type 152 ndi Blackburn Bota - komanso pamaziko a mapulani omanga, osadikirira kuti chiwonetserochi chiwuluke. Posakhalitsa zinadziwikiratu kuti Botha anali ndi zofooka zazikulu, kuphatikizapo kusakhazikika kwapambali komanso, pa ndege yodziwitsa anthu, kuwonekera kuchokera kumalo oyendetsa ndege. Pachifukwa ichi, pambuyo pa ntchito yochepa yankhondo, makope onse operekedwa adatumizidwa ku mishoni zophunzitsira. Bristol adathawa manyazi otere chifukwa mtundu wake wa 152 - Beaufort wamtsogolo - unali mtundu wokulirapo komanso wosinthidwa wa Blenheim wowuluka kale (komanso wopambana). Ogwira ntchito a Beaufort anali anthu anayi (osati atatu, monga Blenheim): woyendetsa ndege, woyendetsa ndege, woyendetsa wailesi ndi mfuti. Kuthamanga kwakukulu kwa ndegeyo kunali pafupifupi 435 km / h, liwiro loyenda ndi katundu wathunthu linali pafupifupi 265 km / h, kutalika kwake kunali pafupifupi 2500 km, ndipo nthawi yothawirako inali maola asanu ndi limodzi ndi theka.
Popeza Beaufort inali yolemetsa kwambiri kuposa yomwe idakhazikitsidwa kale, injini za 840 hp Mercury Blenheim zidasinthidwa ndi injini za 1130 hp Taurus. Komabe, m'kati mwa kuyesa kumunda kwa prototype (yomwe inalinso mtundu woyamba wopanga), zidapezeka kuti a Taurus - adapangidwa pafakitale yayikulu ku Bristol ndikuyika mndandanda patangopita nthawi yayitali nkhondo isanayambe - mwachiwonekere kutenthedwa. . Pa opareshoni wotsatira, kunapezekanso kuti mphamvu zawo zinali zochepa zokwanira Beaufort mu kasinthidwe nkhondo. Zinali zosatheka kunyamuka ndikutera pa injini imodzi. Kulephera kwa injini imodzi panthawi yonyamuka kunapangitsa kuti ndegeyo itembenukire padenga ndikugwa mosapeŵeka, choncho muzochitika zotere tikulimbikitsidwa kuti muzimitsa injini zonse ziwiri ndikuyesa kutera mwadzidzidzi "kutsogolo" . Ngakhale kuuluka kwautali pa injini imodzi yogwira ntchito kunali kosatheka, chifukwa pa liwiro locheperapo kugunda kwa mpweya sikunali kokwanira kuziziritsa injini imodzi yomwe ikugwira ntchito mothamanga kwambiri, yomwe inkafuna kuyaka.
Vuto la Taurus linali lalikulu kwambiri kotero kuti Beaufort anapanga ndege yake yoyamba pakati pa October 1938, ndipo kupanga misa kunayamba "kuthamanga kwambiri" patatha chaka chimodzi. Mabaibulo ambiri wotsatira wa injini Taurus (mpaka Mk XVI) sizinathetse vutoli, ndipo mphamvu zawo sizinawonjezeke iota imodzi. Komabe, ma Beauforts oposa 1000 anali okonzeka nazo. Zinthu zinayenda bwino posintha Taurus ndi injini zabwino kwambiri zaku America Pratt & Whitney R-1830 Twin Wasp zokhala ndi mphamvu ya 1200 hp, zomwe zidayendetsa, mwa zina, mabomba olemera a B-24 Liberator, C-47 ndege zoyendera, PBY Catalina akuwuluka. mabwato ndi omenyera a F4F. Kusintha uku kunali kuganiziridwa kale m'chaka cha 1940. Koma ndiye Bristol anaumirira kuti izi sizinali zofunikira, chifukwa idzakhala ikukweza injini zake. Zotsatira zake, ogwira ntchito ku Beaufort adatayika chifukwa chakulephera kwa ndege zawo kuposa moto wa adani. Ma injini aku America sanayikidwe mpaka Ogasiti 1941. Komabe, posakhalitsa chifukwa cha mavuto ndi yobweretsera kuchokera kunja (zombo amene anawanyamula anagwa anagwidwa ndi sitima zapamadzi German), pambuyo pomanga 165 Beaufort anabwerera ku Taurus. Ndege ndi injini zawo zidasankhidwa Mk I, ndi omwe ali ndi injini zaku America - Mk II. Maulendo a ndege ya mtundu watsopano wa ndege, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mafuta a Twin Wasps, adatsika kuchokera ku 2500 mpaka pafupifupi 2330 km, koma Mk II amatha kuwuluka mosavuta pa injini imodzi.
Zida zazikulu za zida za Beauforts, zomwe sitingathe kunena, zinali 18-inch (450 mm) Mark XII ndege zotchedwa torpedoes zolemera mapaundi 1610 (pafupifupi 730 kg). Komabe, chinali chida chamtengo wapatali komanso chovuta kupeza - m'chaka choyamba cha nkhondo ku Great Britain, kupanga mitundu yonse ya torpedoes kunali zidutswa 80 zokha pamwezi. Pachifukwachi, kwa nthawi yayitali, zida zamtundu wa Beauforts zinali mabomba - awiri a mapaundi 500 (227 kg) mu bomba la bomba ndi mapaundi anayi a 250 pa pylons pansi pa mapiko - mwina osakwatiwa, 1650 mapaundi (748 kg) nyanja. migodi. Zotsirizirazi zimatchedwa "nkhaka" chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo a cylindrical, ndipo migodi, mwinamwake ndi fanizo, inatchedwa "horticulture".
Ngongole
Gulu loyamba lankhondo la Coastal Command kukhala ndi zida za Beauforts linali 22 Squadron, lomwe m'mbuyomu linagwiritsa ntchito ma Vildebeests kufunafuna ma U-boat mu English Channel. Beauforts inayamba kulandira mu November 1939, koma ulendo woyamba pa ndege zatsopano unapangidwa kokha usiku wa April 15/16, 1940, pamene iye anakumba njira ku doko la Wilhelmshaven. Pa nthawiyo anali ku North Coates pa gombe la North Sea.
Zochita zachizolowezi zimasokonezedwa nthawi ndi nthawi ndi "zochita zapadera". Anzeru atanena kuti sitima yapamadzi yaku Germany ya Nuremberg-class idazikika pagombe la Norderney, masana a 7 Meyi, ma Beauforts asanu ndi limodzi ochokera ku 22 Squadron adatumizidwa kuti akamuwukire, omwe adasinthidwa mwapadera kuti atenge 2000 lb (907 lb) imodzi. mabomba. kg). Ali m'njira, imodzi mwa ndegeyo idatembenuka chifukwa chakusokonekera. Ena onse adatsatiridwa ndi radar ya Frey ndipo ulendowu udalandidwa ndi ma Bf 109 asanu ndi limodzi kuchokera ku II.(J)/Tr.Gr. 1861. Uffts. Herbert Kaiser adawombera Stuart Woollatt F / O, yemwe adamwalira pamodzi ndi gulu lonse. Beaufort yachiwiri inaonongedwa kwambiri ndi Ajeremani kotero kuti inagwa pamene ikuyesera kutera, koma antchito ake anapulumuka osavulazidwa; ndegeyo inayendetsedwa ndi Cmdr. (Lieutenant Colonel) Harry Mellor,
mtsogoleri wa gulu.
M'masabata otsatirawa, gulu la 22nd Squadron, kuwonjezera pa njira zotumizira migodi, linaukiranso (nthawi zambiri usiku ndi ndege zingapo) zolinga zapansi pamphepete mwa nyanja, kuphatikizapo. Usiku wa May 18/19, malo oyenga mafuta ku Bremen ndi Hamburg, ndi May 20/21, matanki amafuta ku Rotterdam. Mmodzi mwa maulendo angapo masana panthawiyi adapangidwa pa Meyi 25, kusaka m'dera la IJmuiden pamabwato a Kriegsmarine torpedo. Usiku wa May 25-26, adataya mkulu wake - gulu lankhondo Harry Mellor ndi antchito ake sanabwerere ku migodi pafupi ndi Wilhelmshaven; ndege yawo inasowa.
Panthawiyi, mu April, Beauforti analandira No. 42 Squadron, gulu lina la Coastal Command, lomwe linali ndi zida za Vildebeest. Idawonekera koyamba pa ndege yatsopano pa June 5. Patapita masiku angapo, nkhondo ya ku Norway inatha. Ngakhale kuti dziko lonse linali kale m'manja mwa Germany, ndege British ankagwirabe ntchito pa gombe lake. M'mawa wa June 13, anayi a Beauforts a 22nd Squadron ndi asanu ndi limodzi a Blenheims anaukira ndege ya Vaernes pafupi ndi Trondheim. Kuukira kwawo kunali kolepheretsa chitetezo cha Germany kuchokera pakufika kwa mabomba osambira a Skua, kuchoka ku chonyamulira ndege cha HMS Ark Royal (chandamale chawo chinali chombo chowonongeka cha Scharnhorst) 2. Zotsatira zake zinali zosiyana - Bf 109 yosankhidwa kale ndi Bf 110 analibe nthawi yoti awononge Beauforts ndi Blenheims. , koma adalimbana ndi mabomba onyamula mabomba a Royal Navy.
Patatha sabata imodzi, Scharnhorst adayesa kufika ku Kiel. M'mawa wa June 21, tsiku lotsatira kupita kunyanja, adawoneka kuchokera kumalo ovomerezeka a Hudson. Sitimayo inaperekezedwa ndi owononga Z7 Hermann Schoemann, Z10 Hans Lody, ndi Z15 Erich Steinbrinck, komanso mabwato a torpedo Jaguar, Chisoni, Falke, ndi Kondor, onse okhala ndi zida zolimbana ndi ndege. Madzulo, ndege zomvetsa chisoni zokwana khumi ndi ziwiri kapena kupitirira apo zinayamba kuwaukira m’mafunde angapo—Swordfish biplanes, Hudson light bombers, ndi Beauforts asanu ndi anayi ochokera ku 42 Squadron. Womalizayo ananyamuka ku Wyck kumpoto kwenikweni kwa Scotland, atanyamula mabomba olemera mapaundi 500 (awiri pa ndege iliyonse).
Cholinga cha asilikali a ku Britain panthaŵiyo sichinali kuwafikira, motero ulendowo unanyamuka popanda woperekeka. Pambuyo pa maola a 2 ndi maminiti a 20 akuthawa, mapangidwe a Beaufort anafika ku gombe la Norway kum'mwera chakumadzulo kwa Bergen. Kumeneko anatembenukira kum’mwera ndipo posakhalitsa anawombana ndi zombo za Kriegsmarine kuchokera pachisumbu cha Utsire. Anaperekezedwa ndi asilikali a Bf 109. Ola limodzi m'mbuyomo, Ajeremani anali atagonjetsa kuukira kwa Swordfishes sikisi (kuchoka pabwalo la ndege la Orkney Islands), kuponya awiri, kenaka a Hudson anayi, kuponya mmodzi. Ma torpedo onse ndi mabomba adaphonya.
Ataona funde lina la ndege, Ajeremani anatsegula moto wamoto kuchokera pamtunda wa makilomita angapo. Komabe, a Beauforts onse (makiyi atatu, ndege zitatu iliyonse) adagwa pa sitima yankhondo. Akudumphira pamtunda wa pafupifupi 40 °, adagwetsa mabomba awo kuchokera pamtunda wa mamita pafupifupi 450. Atangodutsa zida zankhondo zotsutsana ndi ndege. Zombozo zidawukiridwa ndi a Messerschmitts, omwe anali osavuta, pafupifupi nyama zopanda chitetezo - tsiku lomwelo mfuti zamakina a Vickers a Beauforts onse anali odzaza ndi ma dorsal turrets chifukwa cha ma cartridge omwe amapangidwa molakwika. Mwamwayi kwa a British, Bf 109s atatu okha ndi omwe ankalondera pafupi ndi zombo panthawiyo. Anton Hakl ndi Fw. Robert Menge wa II./JG 77, yemwe adawombera Beaufort mmodzi asanazimiririke m'mitambo. P/O Alan Rigg, F/O Herbert Seagrim ndi F/O William Barry-Smith ndi antchito awo anaphedwa.
