Chomera cha biogas cha agalu

Pa Seputembara 1, 2010, malo oyamba padziko lonse lapansi a gasi omwe amapangidwa ndi zinyalala za agalu adakhazikitsidwa paki ku Cambridge, Massachusetts. Ntchito yodabwitsayi ndikuyesa kuyang'ana kwatsopano pakutaya zinyalala ndikupeza mphamvu kuchokera kwa "zachilendo". magwero.

Zinyalala za agalu zimasinthidwa kukhala malo opangira magetsi pakiyo

Wopanga ndi wojambula wazaka 33 waku America Matthew Mazzotta. Zolengedwa zake zaposachedwa zimatchedwa Park Spark. Dongosololi lili ndi akasinja awiri. Mu imodzi mwa izo, kuthirira kwa methane (anaerobic) kumachitika, ndipo kachiwiri, kuchuluka kwa madzi koyamba kumayendetsedwa. Nyali ya gasi yaikidwa pafupi ndi zitsimezo. Nyaliyo imaperekedwa ndi biogas kuchokera ku ndowe za galu. Oyenda agalu amalangizidwa kuti atenge matumba omwe amatha kuwonongeka, kuwayika m'chidebe pafupi ndi nyumba ya nyali, kusonkhanitsa zomwe galuyo wasiya pa kapinga, ndi kuponya matumbawo mu fermenter. Ndiye muyenera kutembenuza gudumu kumbali ya thanki, izi zidzasakaniza zomwe zili mkati. Mabakiteriya omwe amakhala mu thanki akuyamba kugwira ntchito, ndipo patapita kanthawi, biogas yomwe ili ndi methane ikuwonekera. Pamene eni ake amalimbikira kwambiri, kuyeretsa ndowe za agalu awo m'thanki, moto wa gasi umayaka kwamuyaya.

Project Park Spark pa BBC Radio Newshour 9 September 13

Gasi wopsereza amayenera kuunikira mbali ya malo ozungulira chomeracho, koma atasonkhanitsa dongosolo lake, Bambo Mazzotta adakumana ndi mavuto angapo. Poyamba zidapezeka kuti zinali ndi ndalama zochepa kuti ziyambitse chipangizocho? ndipo adzabwereka agalu onse a mumzindawo kuti amalize. Kuphatikiza apo, thankiyo idayenera kudzazidwa ndi mabakiteriya oyenerera, koma sanali pafupi. Pamapeto pake, mlembiyo ndi anzake anayenera kukonzanso zonsezo pobweretsa ndowe za ng’ombe zochokera m’minda yapafupi.

Vuto lina linali la madzi. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Park Spark siziyenera kukhala ndi klorini, zomwe zimawononga njira zowotchera, i.e. sangakhale madzi a mzinda. Mazana angapo malita a H.₂Adachokera ku Mtsinje wa Charles. Ndipo, ngakhale atayesetsa kwambiri, owonera sanawone nthawi yomweyo nyali ya methane yotsatsa ikugwira ntchito. Njira yowotcherayo inayamba, koma poyambirira panali methane yochepa kwambiri moti nyaliyo inkatha kuyatsa. Olembawo adafotokozera owonera kuti mkati mwa mosungiramo, mabakiteriya a methane amayenera kuchulukitsa kaye pamlingo woyenera, pomwe kukula kwawo kunachepetsedwa chifukwa cha usiku wozizira. Panadutsa mlungu umodzi kuti mafuta achuluke kwambiri apangidwe moti akhoza kuyatsidwa.

Tsoka ilo, lawi lake la buluu linali laling’ono kwambiri moti zinali zosatheka kulijambula mu kuwala kowala kwa nyali zina. Kenako pang'onopang'ono chinawonjezeka ndipo potsirizira pake chinalungamitsa kukhalapo kwa unsembe wonse waluso wa gasi. Chotsatira chenicheni cha kuyika sikuli kowala kwa lawi lamoto, koma hype mu nyuzipepala. Mlembiyo anawerengera kukhudzidwa kwa anthu ambiri momwe angathere pa vuto la kutaya zinyalala mwanzeru. Malingana ndi wojambulayo, kuwala kochepetsetsa mu nyali ndi chinthu chofanana ndi lawi lamuyaya, kukumbutsa odutsa kufunikira koteteza chilengedwe, kuchepetsa mpweya wa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha ndi kupanga kupanga mphamvu. Wolembayo safuna kupeza phindu lililonse lazachuma ku ntchito yake.

Ma biogas akuluakulu

Kuyika kwa Mazzotta ndikosangalatsa kwambiri, koma ndikungonena za mapulani akulu kwambiri. Lingaliro losintha zinyalala za agalu kukhala mphamvu lidabadwa ku San Francisco zaka zinayi zapitazo. Sunset Scavenger, kampani yotaya zinyalala panthawiyo yotchedwa Norcal, inkafuna kupeza ndalama.

Akatswiri awo amayerekezera kuti ku San Francisco Bay Area, chimbudzi cha agalu chimapanga pafupifupi 4% ya zinyalala zonse zapakhomo, zomwe zimatsutsana ndi matewera. Ndipo izi zikutanthauza matani masauzande azinthu zakuthupi. Mwamasamu, uku ndiko kuthekera kwakukulu kwa biogas. Poyesera, Norcal anayamba kutolera zitosi za agalu pogwiritsa ntchito matumba a ndowe zowola komanso mbiya kuti atole “zikwama” zodzadza m’madera amene agalu oyenda amabwera kawirikawiri. Kenako mbewuyo idatumizidwa ku imodzi mwazomera za biomethane zomwe zidalipo kale.

Komabe, mu 2008 ntchitoyi inatsekedwa. Kutolera zitosi za agalu m'mapaki kunalephera pazifukwa zandalama chabe. Kutenga zinyalala zokwana matani ambiri kutayirako ndikotsika mtengo kuposa kuyambitsa projekiti ya bioenergy, ndipo palibe amene amasamala kuti mumapeza mafuta ochuluka bwanji.

Mneneri wa Sunset Scavenger Robert Reed adanena kuti matumba omwe amatha kuwonongeka, okhawo omwe amaloledwa kuponyedwa mu fermenter ya methane, akhala tabu pa sikelo. Eni ake agalu ambiri ophunzitsidwa kuyeretsa ziweto zawo zitazolowera kugwiritsa ntchito matumba apulasitiki, zomwe zimayimitsa nthawi yomweyo kupanga methane.

Ngati mukufuna kuti eni agalu azikhala ndi zinyalala zamtengo wapatali nthawi zonse kuti zipitirire kukonzanso kukhala methane, muyenera kuyika zotengera zokhala ndi matumba owonongeka kulikonse. Ndipo funso likadali losayankhidwa, momwe mungayang'anire ngati matumba apulasitiki akuponyedwa m'madengu?

M'malo mwa mphamvu ya galu, Sunset Scavenger, mogwirizana ndi makampani ena, anayamba kupanga mphamvu "kuchokera ku lesitilanti", ndiko kuti, anayamba kusonkhanitsa zinyalala za chakudya, kuzinyamulira ku akasinja omwewo.

Alimi amagwira ntchito bwino

Ng'ombe ndizosavuta. Ng'ombe zimatulutsa feteleza wambiri m'mafakitale. Ichi ndichifukwa chake ndizopindulitsa kumanga malo akuluakulu a gasi wa biogas m'mafamu kapena m'midzi. Izi zomera biogas osati kutulutsa mphamvu kwa famu, koma nthawi zina ngakhale kugulitsa kwa gululi. Zaka zingapo zapitazo, chomera chopangira manyowa a ng'ombe 5 kukhala magetsi chinakhazikitsidwa ku California. Ntchitoyi imatchedwa CowPower, akuti yathandiza anthu masauzande ambiri a nyumba. Ndipo BioEnergy Solutions imapanga ndalama pa izi.

Feteleza wapamwamba kwambiri

Posachedwa, ogwira ntchito ku Hewlett-Packard adalengeza lingaliro la malo opangira ma data omwe amathandizidwa ndi manyowa. Pamsonkhano wapadziko lonse wa ASME ku Phoenix, asayansi a HP Lab adalongosola kuti ng'ombe za 10 zikhoza kukwaniritsa zosowa za mphamvu za 000MW data center.

Pochita izi, kutentha kopangidwa ndi malo opangira deta kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kupititsa patsogolo mphamvu ya anaerobic chimbudzi cha zinyalala za nyama. Izi zimabweretsa kupanga methane, yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga mphamvu m'malo opangira deta. Symbiosis iyi imathandiza kuthetsa vuto la zinyalala lomwe limayang'anizana ndi mafamu okhudzana ndi mkaka komanso kufunikira kwa mphamvu pamalo amakono a data.

Pa avareji, ng'ombe yamkaka imatulutsa pafupifupi makg 55 (makilogalamu 120) a manyowa patsiku ndi matani pafupifupi 20 pachaka? zomwe zimafanana ndi kulemera kwa njovu zinayi zazikulu. Ndowe zomwe ng'ombe imatulutsa tsiku lililonse zimatha "kutulutsa" magetsi okwana 3 kWh, okwanira kupatsa mphamvu ma TV atatu aku America kwa tsiku limodzi.

HP ikuwonetsa kuti alimi atha kubwereka malo kumabungwe apamwamba kwambiri, kuwapatsa "mphamvu zofiirira". Pachifukwa ichi, ndalama zamakampani muzomera za methane zidzalipira pasanathe zaka ziwiri, ndiye kuti adzalandira pafupifupi $ 2 pachaka pogulitsa mphamvu ya methane kwa makasitomala apakati pa data. Alimi adzakhala ndi ndalama zokhazikika kuchokera ku makampani a IT, adzakhala ndi gwero losavuta la mphamvu ndi chithunzi cha akatswiri a zachilengedwe. Tonse tingakhale ndi methane yocheperako m'mlengalenga mwathu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zisawonongeke ndi kutentha kwa dziko. Methane ili ndi zomwe zimatchedwa kuti greenhouse zimatha kuwirikiza nthawi 000 kuposa za CO₂. Ndi kutayira kwa manyowa osabala, methane imapitilira kupangidwa pang'onopang'ono ndikutulutsidwa mumlengalenga, ndipo imathanso kuipitsa madzi apansi. Ndipo methane akatenthedwa, mpweya woipa wa carbon dioxide umakhala wochepa kwambiri ngati mmene ulili.

Chifukwa n'zotheka kugwiritsa ntchito mwamphamvu komanso mwachuma zomwe zikugwa m'minda ndi udzu, ndipo izi zimawonekera makamaka pamene chisanu chachisanu chasungunuka. Koma kodi kuli koyenera? Koma galuyo anakwiriridwa.