Bioethanol. Kodi ndizotheka kusintha mafuta atsopano?

Kupanga kwa bioethanol

Bioethanol, monga biodiesel, amapangidwa kuchokera ku zomera. Nthawi zambiri kuposa ena, mbewu ziwiri zimatengedwa kuti apange bioethanol: chimanga ndi nzimbe. Mwachitsanzo, kupanga bioethanol ku United States makamaka zochokera chimanga, mu Brazil - pa nzimbe. Komabe, mbewu zina zokhala ndi wowuma wambiri ndi shuga wamasamba zitha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati zopangira: mbatata, beet shuga, mbatata, etc.

Padziko lapansi, kupanga bioethanol kumapangidwa kwambiri ku America. Kuthekera kwa kupanga kwa Brazil ndi United States palimodzi kumapangitsa kupitilira theka (ndendende, kupitirira 60%) padziko lonse lapansi kupanga mafuta awa.

Pachimake, bioethanol ndi mowa wamba wa ethyl (kapena ethanol), womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zakumwa zoledzeretsa ndi mankhwala odziwika bwino C.₂H₅uwu Komabe, bioethanol si yoyenera kudya chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa zowonjezera zowonjezera, zowonjezera mafuta. Kuphatikiza pa tert-butyl methyl ether (MTBE), yomwe imawonjezera kukana kwa biofuel, imachepetsa kuwononga kwa mowa ndipo imakhala yonyamulira mpweya wowonjezera womwe umakhudzidwa ndi kuyaka, zowonjezera zina zimawonjezeredwa ku bioethanol.

Matekinoloje angapo opanga bioethanol amadziwika.

1. Fermentation ya zinthu organic. Zodziwika kuyambira nthawi zakale komanso njira yosavuta yopezera mowa wa ethyl. Panthawi yoyatsa yisiti ya zosakaniza zokhala ndi shuga, yankho lomwe lili ndi mowa wambiri pafupifupi 15% limapezeka. Ndi kuwonjezeka kwa ndende, mabakiteriya a yisiti amafa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti asiye kupanga mowa wa ethyl. Pambuyo pake, mowa umasiyanitsidwa ndi yankho ndi distillation. Panopa, njirayi si ntchito mafakitale kupanga bioethanol.
2. Kupanga pogwiritsa ntchito recombinant mankhwala. Zopangirazo zimaphwanyidwa ndikufufuzidwa ndi glucoamylase ndi amylosubtilin. Pambuyo pake, distillation ikuchitika mu mizati imathandizira ndi kulekana kwa mowa. Njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakupangira mafakitale a bioethanol.
3. kupanga hydrolysis. M'malo mwake, uku ndikupangidwa kwa mowa kuchokera ku pre-hydrolyzed cellulose yokhala ndi zopangira ndi kuwira kwa mafakitale. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka ku Russia ndi mayiko ena pambuyo pa Soviet.

Pakadali pano, kupanga padziko lonse lapansi kwa bioethanol, malinga ndi kuyerekezera kosiyanasiyana, kuli kochepera matani 100 miliyoni pachaka.

Bioethanol. Mtengo pa lita

Mtengo wa bioethanol kupanga pa 1 lita imodzi zimadalira zinthu zingapo.

1. Mtengo woyamba wa zopangira wamkulu pokonza.
2. Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwazinthu zopangira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito (ukadaulo wopanga ndi chiŵerengero cha bioethanol yomwe imachokera ku kuchuluka kwa zipangizo zomwe zimakhudzidwa).
3. Kupanga zinthu (pafupi ndi minda yokhala ndi zida zopangira mabizinesi, kupanga zotsika mtengo, chifukwa mtengo wamayendedwe pamtundu wamafuta amtunduwu umagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri kuposa kupanga mafuta a petroleum).
4. Mtengo wodzipangira wokha (kupanga zida, malipiro a ogwira ntchito, ndalama zamagetsi).

Chifukwa chake, m'maiko osiyanasiyana mtengo wopangira 1 lita imodzi ya bioethanol umasiyanasiyana. Nayi mtengo wamafuta awa pa lita imodzi m'maiko ena padziko lapansi:

• USA - $ 0,3;
• Brazil - $ 0,2;
• zambiri kwa opanga European - pafupifupi $ 0,5;

Poyerekeza, mtengo wapakati wopangira mafuta opangira mafuta ndi pafupifupi $ 0,5 mpaka $ 0,8 pa lita imodzi, ngati simuganizira mayiko omwe amatumiza mafuta kunja monga Saudi Arabia kapena Venezuela, komwe lita imodzi ya mafuta imawononga ndalama zosakwana lita imodzi yamadzi.

Bioethanol E85

Mwina gawo la mkango mwa mitundu yonse yamafuta omwe ali ndi bioethanol amakhala ndi mtundu wa E85. Mtundu uwu wa mafuta ndi 85% bioethanol ndi 15% wokhazikika mafuta a petulo.

Mafutawa ndi oyenera kumagalimoto opangidwa mwapadera omwe amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta a biofuel. Nthawi zambiri amalembedwa ngati magalimoto amafuta a Flex.

Bioethanol E85 imafalitsidwa kwambiri ku Brazil, ndipo imapezekanso ku United States. Ku Europe ndi Asia, E5, E7 ndi E10 giredi ndizofala kwambiri ndi bioethanol zili 5, 7 ndi 10 peresenti, motsatana. Voliyumu yotsalayo muzosakaniza zamafutawa nthawi zambiri imaperekedwa kumafuta wamba. Posachedwapa, mafuta a E40 okhala ndi 40% bioethanol ayamba kutchuka.

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Ubwino ndi kuipa kwa bioethanol

Tiyeni tione ubwino wa bioethanol poyamba.

1. Wachibale cheapness kupanga. Izi zimaperekedwa kuti wopanga dziko alibe zake, nkhokwe zambiri zamafuta, ndipo makampani opanga mbewu amapangidwa. Mwachitsanzo, dziko la Brazil, lomwe lili ndi malo ochepa osungiramo mafuta m’dziko lonselo, koma latukula ulimi ndi nyengo yabwino, n’kopindulitsa kwambiri kupanga mafuta ozikidwa pa bioethanol.
2. Environmental ubwenzi wa utsi. Bioethanol yoyera imatulutsa madzi ndi carbon dioxide yokha ikawotchedwa. Palibe ma hydrocarbon olemera, tinthu tating'onoting'ono, mpweya wa monoxide, sulfure ndi phosphorous zomwe zimatulutsidwa mumlengalenga pamene injini ikuyenda pa bioethanol. Malinga ndi kuwunika kokwanira (potengera magawo onse omwe amawunikidwa molingana ndi muyezo wa EURO), kuyera kwa mpweya wotulutsa mpweya kunakhala kuwirikiza ka 8 kwa injini zomwe zikuyenda pa bioethanol.
3. Zowonjezera. Ngati nkhokwe zamafuta zili ndi malire (zotsimikizika masiku ano: malingaliro okhudza kusinthika kwamafuta monga mpweya wochokera m'matumbo a Dziko Lapansi amakanidwa ndi gulu la asayansi padziko lonse lapansi), ndiye kuti kupanga bioethanol kumangotengera zokolola za minda.
4. Kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta. Pa avareji, poyendetsa pa bioethanol, yokhala ndi mafuta okonzedwa bwino, mpaka 15% yamafuta amasungidwa mu chiŵerengero cha voliyumu. Conventionally, m'malo 10 malita a petulo galimoto ntchito malita 100 okha bioethanol pa 8,5 makilomita.

Zoyipa zamtundu uwu wamafuta, makamaka pokhudzana ndi magalimoto omwe alipo kale, ndizofunika kwambiri.

1. Kumwa kwambiri bioethanol mu galimoto imene ECU alibe zoikamo ntchito pa biofuel. Ndipo kawirikawiri, nthawi zambiri pamakhala mphamvu yochepa ya injini yomwe siinapangidwe kuti ikhale mafuta a masamba. Mfundo ndi yakuti kachulukidwe mphamvu ndi chofunika volumetric chiŵerengero cha mpweya ndi mafuta mu bioethanol amasiyana mafuta. Izi zimabweretsa kusakhazikika kwa injini.
2. Kuwonongeka kwa mphira ndi zisindikizo zapulasitiki. Makhalidwe a mphira ndi pulasitiki omwe amalola kuti zipangizozi zisakhale zandale ponena za zonyamulira mphamvu za mafuta a petroleum sizingapereke mankhwala kukana kwa ethanol. Ndipo zosindikizira, zomwe zimatha kupirira kuyanjana ndi mafuta kwazaka zambiri, zimawonongeka pakatha miyezi ingapo chifukwa chokhudzana ndi mowa mosalekeza.
3. Kulephera kwachangu kwa injini yomwe sinapangidwe kuyendetsa pa bioethanol. Chifukwa cha mfundo ziwiri zam'mbuyo.

Malingana ndi zomwe takambiranazi, tikhoza kunena kuti bioethanol idzakhala njira yabwino kwambiri yopangira mafuta ochiritsira ngati galimoto yapangidwira mtundu uwu wa mafuta.

BIOETHANOL MU GALIMOTO YANU: Mnzanu KAPENA Mdani?