Biodiesel. Gawo lofunikira m'tsogolomu

Kodi biodiesel imapangidwa ndi chiyani?

Biodiesel ndi wochezeka zachilengedwe, mafuta ena amene angathe kupangidwa kuchokera m'nyumba, magwero zongowonjezwdwa monga soya, rapeseed kapena masamba mafuta, komanso nyama mafuta. Biodiesel ilibe mafuta, koma imatha kusakanikirana ndi mtundu uliwonse wamafuta a dizilo. Zosakaniza za 20% biodiesel ndi 80% mafuta a dizilo angagwiritsidwe ntchito pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya makhazikitsidwe a dizilo. Kuphatikizika kwapang'onopang'ono kumeneku nthawi zambiri sikufuna kusinthidwa kulikonse kwa injini (kupatula zosefera zamafuta, mapaipi amafuta ndi zosindikizira zama injini akale a dizilo), koma zophatikizika zomwe zimakhala ndi mafuta ochulukirapo ambiri (kuphatikiza ma biodiesel oyera) zidzafunika kale zazing'ono. kusinthidwa.

Biodiesel ndi yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, biodegradable, zachilengedwe komanso alibe sulfure kapena aromatics.

Muyezo waku Europe wa EN 14214 umatengedwa ngati mulingo weniweni wapadziko lonse wamtundu wamafuta omwe akufunsidwa. Malinga ndi iye, zikuchokera biodiesel zikuphatikizapo:

1. Masamba (chimanga, soya, rapeseed, mpendadzuwa) kapena mafuta anyama. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa kanjedza ndi mafuta a peanut sikuvomerezeka, chifukwa biodiesel yomwe imachokera kwa iwo si yoyenera ngati mafuta a dizilo m'nyengo yozizira.
2. Triglycerides.
3. Monoalkyl esters kapena methyl esters yamafuta acids.
4. Mowa (ethanol kapena isopropanol; pang'onopang'ono, chifukwa cha kawopsedwe, methanol imagwiritsidwanso ntchito).
5. Zowonjezera zosalephereka monga zotetezera - tertiary butylhydroquinone, dimethylpolysiloxane kapena citric acid, zomwe zimapezeka nthawi zonse mu mafuta a nyama. Iwo samakhudza khalidwe la biodiesel.

Tekinoloje yopanga

Biodiesel ikhoza kupangidwa kuchokera ku mafuta a masamba atsopano kapena ogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi nyama. Tekinoloje yopanga ma biodiesel ndi yosiyana. Mafuta ndi mafuta amasefedwa ndikukonzedwa kale kuti achotse madzi ndi zowononga. Pambuyo pa kukonzedwa mafuta ndi mafuta osakaniza ndi mowa ndi chothandizira. Mamolekyu amafutawo amasweka ndikusintha kukhala ma methyl esters ndi glycerol, omwe amasiyanitsidwa wina ndi mnzake ndikuyeretsedwa.

Chomwe chimakhala chovuta kwambiri popeza ma biofuel ndi kugawanika kwa mamolekyu aatali amafuta acid omwe amalumikizidwa ndi molekyulu ya glycerol. Panthawiyi, chothandizira (alkali) chimagwiritsidwa ntchito, chomwe chimaphwanya mamolekyu a glycerol ndikuphatikiza unyolo uliwonse wamafuta acid ndi molekyulu ya mowa. Zotsatira zake ndi kupangidwa kwa monoalkyl kapena ethyl esters, kapena esters ya mafuta acids. Panthawiyi - chidwi - glycerol imamira pansi ndikuchotsedwa.

Pafupifupi theka la kupanga biodiesel mafuta angagwiritse ntchito hydrocarbon feedstock munali mafuta, ngakhale kukonzedwa lubricants ndi masamba kapena organic zigawo zikuluzikulu. Theka lina limapanga biodiesel kuchokera ku mafuta a masamba. Mafuta a soya ndiwofala kwambiri pamndandanda uwu: padziko lapansi pali kuchulukirachulukira kwake, ndipo kupanga mopitilira muyeso kumathandizira kutsika kwa mtengo wamafuta awa. Mtengo wa biodiesel pa lita imodzi - kuchokera ku 50 mpaka 100 rubles.

Momwe mungapangire biodiesel kunyumba?

Njira yosavuta ndiyo kusakaniza mafuta a masamba ndi dizilo wamba, woonda kapena mafuta. Zosakaniza zosiyanasiyana zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, kuyambira 10% yamafuta a masamba ndi 90% mafuta amafuta mpaka kusiyanasiyana kosiyana. Mafuta a masamba ayenera kutenthedwa musanayambe kusakaniza, ndiye kukhuthala kwake kudzachepa, ndipo kusakaniza kudzakhala kofulumira.

M'manyuzipepala komanso pamasamba apadera, mutha kuwerenga malangizo a "amisiri" pakuwonjezera zinthu monga turpentine, naphthalene, xylene kapena mafuta osatulutsidwa. Zomwe zimadziwika pang'ono za zotsatira za zowonjezerazi pazomwe zimayaka mafuta kapena zotsatira zake za nthawi yayitali pa injini.

Njira yovomerezeka ndiyo kupanga biodiesel kudzera muzofunikira zamakina, makamaka popeza zigawo zikuluzikulu - mowa, alkali, glycerin - zitha kugulidwa mosavuta m'masitolo.

Njira yopangira biodiesel kunyumba ndi motere:

1. Konzani chidebe chowonekera chokhala ndi 2 malita apulasitiki osamva mankhwala okhala ndi chivindikiro cholimba.
2. Lita lamafuta a masamba atsopano, atenthedwa mpaka 55⁰C, kutsanulira mu chidebe ndikusakaniza ndi 200 ml mowa pogwiritsa ntchito blender. Kusakaniza kuyenera kuchitika mkati mwa mphindi 20.
3. Thirani mosamala mu chothandizira - potaziyamu hydroxide (bwino) kapena sodium, mu kuchuluka kwa 5 g. (ya KOH) kapena 3,5 g (ya NaOH) pa lita imodzi. Muyenera kuwonjezera mowa ndi chothandizira pogwiritsa ntchito ma fanizi osiyanasiyana.
4. Tsekani chidebecho mwamphamvu ndikuchipukuta mu ndege yopingasa maulendo 5-6 kuti mufulumizitse zomwe zimachitika. Kusungunuka kwa alkali kumatha kuchoka kwa mphindi 15 (kwa KOH) mpaka maola 8 (kwa NaOH).
5. Pambuyo pomaliza, muyenera kudikiriranso maola 12-20 mpaka matope atachuluka pansi pa chidebecho. Iyenera kuchotsedwa mosamala.

Yophika mwatsopano mafuta biodiesel ali kuwala chikasu mtundu. Kuchuluka kwa turbidity sikukhudza makamaka ubwino wa mafuta.

Zamgululi