Yesani injini zamafuta ndi dizilo mu injini imodzi kapena injini za HCCI: Gawo 2

Mazda akuti adzakhala oyamba kugwiritsa ntchito mndandandawu

Ndi mpweya woyera ngati mafuta komanso mphamvu ya mafuta a dizilo. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza zomwe zimachitika popanga injini yabwino yokhala ndi kusakanikirana kofananira komanso kudzichitira nokha panthawi yopanikiza. Okonza amangoti HCCI.

Kudzikundikira kwa chidziwitso

Maziko a njira zoterezi ndi zaka makumi asanu ndi awiri, pamene injiniya waku Japan Onishi adapanga ukadaulo wake "Kuyaka kwamphamvu mu thermo-atmosphere". Pabwalo, 1979 ndi nthawi ya vuto lachiwiri la mafuta ndi zoletsa zoyamba zazikulu zamalamulo za chilengedwe, ndipo cholinga cha injiniya ndikubweretsa njinga zamoto ziwiri zomwe zimafala panthawiyo kuti zigwirizane ndi zofunikira izi. Amadziwika kuti mu kuwala ndi pang'ono katundu mode, kuchuluka kwa mpweya mpweya amasungidwa mu masilindala awiri sitiroko mayunitsi, ndi lingaliro la mlengi Japanese ndi kutembenuza kuipa kwake kukhala ubwino popanga kuyaka momwe mpweya wotsalira ndi kutentha kwamafuta kuphatikizidwira ntchito zothandiza.

Kwa nthawi yoyamba, mainjiniya a gulu la Onishi adatha kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wosintha mwawokha, zomwe zidayambitsa njira yoyaka modzidzimutsa yomwe idachepetsadi kutulutsa mpweya wabwino. Komabe, adapezanso kusintha kwakukulu kwa injini, ndipo posakhalitsa chitukukocho chinawululidwa, njira zomwezo zinasonyezedwa ndi Toyota, Mitsubishi ndi Honda. Okonza adadabwa kwambiri ndi zosalala kwambiri komanso panthawi imodzimodziyo kuyaka kothamanga kwambiri m'ma prototypes, kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta ndi mpweya woipa. Mu 1983, zitsanzo zoyamba za labotale za injini zodziyimira pawokha zinayi zidawonekera, momwe kuwongolera njira zosiyanasiyana kumagwirira ntchito kumatheka chifukwa chakuti zimadziwika bwino kuti kapangidwe kake ndi chiŵerengero cha zigawo zamafuta omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Komabe, kusanthula kwa njirazi kumakhala koyambirira, chifukwa zimachokera ku lingaliro lakuti mu injini yamtunduwu imachitika chifukwa cha kinetics ya mankhwala, ndipo zochitika za thupi monga kusakaniza ndi chipwirikiti ndizochepa. Munali m'zaka za m'ma 80 kuti maziko adayikidwa pa zitsanzo zoyamba zowunikira njira zomwe zimatengera kupanikizika, kutentha ndi ndende ya mafuta ndi zigawo za mpweya mu voliyumu ya chipinda. Okonza anafika ponena kuti ntchito ya mtundu uwu wa injini akhoza kugawidwa mu magawo awiri - poyatsira ndi volumetric mphamvu kumasulidwa. Kuwunika kwa zotsatira zafukufuku kukuwonetsa kuti kudziwotcha kumayambitsidwa ndi njira zomwezo zochepetsera kutentha (zomwe zimachitika pansi pa madigiri 700 ndikupanga peroxides) zomwe zimayambitsa kuyaka koyipa kwa injini zamafuta, komanso njira zotulutsira mphamvu yayikulu. ndi kutentha kwambiri. ndipo amachitidwa pamwamba pa kutentha koyenera.

N'zoonekeratu kuti ntchitoyo iyenera kuyang'ana pa phunziro ndi kuphunzira za zotsatira za kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka mankhwala ndi mapangidwe a mtengowo chifukwa cha kutentha ndi kupanikizika. Chifukwa cholephera kuwongolera kuzizira kozizira ndikugwira ntchito mochuluka kwambiri m'njira izi, mainjiniya amagwiritsa ntchito spark plug. Mayesero othandiza amatsimikiziranso chiphunzitso chakuti mphamvuyo imakhala yochepa pamene ikugwira ntchito ndi mafuta a dizilo, popeza chiŵerengero cha kuponderezana chiyenera kukhala chochepa, ndipo pakupanikizika kwakukulu, njira yodzidzimutsa imapezeka mofulumira kwambiri. compression stroke. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, pamene mukugwiritsa ntchito mafuta a dizilo, pali mavuto ndi kutuluka kwa magawo oyaka moto a dizilo, komanso kuti machitidwe awo amoto asanayaka moto amawonekera kwambiri kuposa mafuta a octane. Ndipo mfundo ina yofunika kwambiri - zikuwonekeratu kuti injini za HCCI zimagwira ntchito popanda mavuto ndi 50% ya mpweya wotsalira muzosakaniza zowonda mu masilinda. Kuchokera pa izi zikutsatira kuti mafuta a petulo ndi abwino kwambiri kugwira ntchito mumtundu uwu wa mayunitsi ndipo chitukuko chikuwongolera mbali iyi.

Ma injini oyamba omwe anali pafupi ndi makampani opanga magalimoto, momwe njirazi zidakwaniritsidwira bwino, adasinthidwa injini za VW 1,6-lita mu 1992. Ndi chithandizo chawo, opanga kuchokera ku Wolfsburg adatha kuwonjezera magwiridwe antchito ndi 34% pang'onopang'ono. Pambuyo pake, mu 1996, kuyerekezera mwachindunji kwa injini ya HCCI ndi mafuta ndi injini ya dizilo yolunjika ndikuwonetsa kuti injini za HCCI zikuwonetsa mafuta ochepa kwambiri komanso mpweya wa NOx popanda kufunika kwa jekeseni wokwera mtengo. pa mafuta.

Zomwe zikuchitika lero

Lero, ngakhale kutsata malangizo, GM ikupitiliza kupanga injini za HCCI, ndipo kampaniyo ikukhulupirira kuti makina amtunduwu athandizira kukonza injini yamafuta. Malingaliro omwewo ndi akatswiri a Mazda, koma tikambirana za iwo mgazini yotsatira. Ku Sandia National Laboratories, akugwira ntchito limodzi ndi GM, pakadali pano akuyeretsa mayendedwe atsopano, omwe ndi osiyana ndi HCCI. Opangawo amalitcha LTGC la "Kutentha Kwambiri Mafuta Mafuta". Popeza m'mapangidwe am'mbuyomu, mitundu ya HCCI imangokhala ndi magwiridwe antchito ochepa ndipo alibe mwayi wopitilira makina amakono ochepetsera kukula, asayansi adaganiza zosanjanso chisakanizocho. Mwanjira ina, kupanga malo olamulidwa bwino osauka komanso olemera, koma mosiyana ndi dizilo wambiri. Zochitika kumapeto kwa zaka zana zapitazi zawonetsa kuti kutentha kwa magwiridwe antchito nthawi zambiri sikokwanira kumaliza magwiridwe antchito a ma hydrocarboni ndi CO-CO2. Msakanizo ukalemeretsa ndikutha, vutoli limachotsedwa, chifukwa kutentha kwake kumakwera nthawi yoyaka. Komabe, amakhalabe otsika mokwanira kuti asayambitse mapangidwe a nitrogen oxides. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka zana lino, okonza mapangidwe anali akukhulupirirabe kuti HCCI inali njira yotsika kwambiri kuposa injini ya dizilo yomwe sinapange ma oxide a nitrogeni. Komabe, sizinapangidwe mu njira yatsopano ya LTGC mwina. Petroli imagwiritsidwanso ntchito pazinthuzi, monga momwe zimapangidwira poyambirira za GM, popeza imakhala ndi kutentha pang'ono (komanso kusakanikirana bwino ndi mpweya) koma kutentha kwapamwamba kwambiri. Malinga ndi omwe amapanga ma labotale, kuphatikiza kwa njira ya LTGC ndikuwotcha kosavuta komanso kovuta kuwongolera mitundu, monga katundu wathunthu, kudzapangitsa makina omwe ali othandiza kwambiri kuposa omwe akuchepetsa. Delphi Automotive ikupanga njira yofananira yoyeserera. Amatcha mapangidwe awo GDCI, a "Compression Ignition Direct Petrol Injection" (Petrol Direct Injection and Compression Ignition), yomwe imaperekanso ntchito yowonda komanso yolemera kuyang'anira kuyaka. Ku Delphi, izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito ma jakisoni okhala ndi zovuta zamajakisoni, kotero kuti, ngakhale kutha ndi kupindulitsa, chisakanizo chonsecho chimatsamira kuti chisapangire mwaye, komanso kutentha pang'ono kuti chisapangitse ma oxide a nitrogeni. Okonzawo amayang'anira magawo osiyanasiyana osakanikirana kuti aziwotcha nthawi zosiyanasiyana. Njira yovutayi ikufanana ndi mafuta a dizilo, mpweya wa CO2 ndiwotsika ndipo mapangidwe a NOx ndi ochepa. Delphi yapereka ndalama zosachepera zaka zinayi kuchokera kuboma la US, ndipo chidwi cha opanga monga Hyundai pakukula kwawo kumatanthauza kuti sangayime.

Tiyeni tikumbukire Disotto

Kukula kwa omwe amapanga Daimler Engine Research Labs ku Untertürkheim amatchedwa Diesotto ndipo poyambira komanso pakulemedwa kwakukulu kumagwira ntchito ngati injini yamafuta apamwamba, pogwiritsa ntchito zabwino zonse za jakisoni wachindunji ndi cascade turbocharging. Komabe, pa liwiro lotsika mpaka lapakati ndi katundu mkati mwa kuzungulira kumodzi, zamagetsi zimazimitsa makina oyatsira ndikusinthira kumayendedwe odziwotcha okha. Pankhaniyi, magawo a ma valve otulutsa mpweya amasintha kwambiri mawonekedwe awo. Iwo amatsegula mu nthawi yaifupi kwambiri kuposa nthawi zonse ndipo ndi sitiroko yochepetsedwa kwambiri - kotero theka la mpweya wotulutsa mpweya umakhala ndi nthawi yochoka m'chipinda choyaka moto, ndipo zina zonse zimasungidwa mwadala m'masilinda, pamodzi ndi kutentha kwakukulu komwe kuli mkati mwawo. . Kuti akwaniritse kutentha kwakukulu m'zipinda, ma nozzles amalowetsa kachigawo kakang'ono ka mafuta omwe samayaka, koma amachitira ndi mpweya wotentha. Pakudwala kotsatira, gawo latsopano la mafuta limabayidwa mu silinda iliyonse mulingo woyenera ndendende. Valavu yolowetsa imatsegula mwachidule ndi stroke yaifupi ndipo imalola kuti mpweya wabwino wokhazikika ulowe mu silinda ndikusakanikirana ndi mpweya womwe umapezeka kuti upangitse kusakaniza kwamafuta ochepa omwe ali ndi gawo lalikulu la mpweya wotulutsa mpweya. Izi zimatsatiridwa ndi kupsinjika kwapang'onopang'ono komwe kutentha kwa chisakanizo kumapitirira kukwera mpaka nthawi yodziwotcha. Nthawi yolondola ya ndondomekoyi imatheka poyang'anira ndendende kuchuluka kwa mafuta, mpweya wabwino ndi mpweya wotulutsa mpweya, chidziwitso chokhazikika kuchokera ku masensa omwe amayesa kupanikizika mu silinda, ndi dongosolo lomwe lingathe kusintha nthawi yomweyo chiŵerengero cha kuponderezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito makina osakanikirana. kusintha malo a crankshaft. Mwa njira, kachitidwe kachitidwe kameneka sikumangokhalira ku HCCI mode.

Kuwongolera zochitika zonse zovutazi kumafuna kulamulira zamagetsi zomwe sizidalira ndondomeko yodziwika bwino yomwe imapezeka mu injini zowonongeka zamkati, koma kulola kusintha kwa nthawi yeniyeni kutengera deta ya sensor. Ntchitoyi ndi yovuta, koma zotsatira zake ndizoyenera - 238 hp. Diesotto ya 1,8-lita idatsimikizira lingaliro la F700 ndi mpweya wa S-Class CO2 wa 127 g/km ndi kutsata malangizo okhwima a Euro 6.

Zolemba: Georgy Kolev

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