Dziko la Battery - Gawo 1

Mphotho ya Nobel mu Chemistry ya 2019 idaperekedwa chifukwa chopanga mapangidwe a mabatire a lithiamu-ion. Mosiyana ndi zigamulo zina za Komiti ya Nobel, izi sizinadabwe - mosiyana. Mabatire a lithiamu-ion amayendetsa mafoni a m'manja, ma laputopu, zida zamphamvu zonyamula ngakhale magalimoto amagetsi. Asayansi atatu, John Goodenough, Stanley Whittingham ndi Akira Yoshino, moyenerera analandira madipuloma, mendulo za golide ndi 9 miliyoni SEK kuti agawidwe. 

Mutha kuwerenga zambiri za chifukwa cha mphothoyo m'nkhani yapitayi ya chemistry yathu - ndipo nkhaniyo idatha ndi kulengeza mwatsatanetsatane nkhani ya ma cell ndi mabatire. Yakwana nthawi yosunga lonjezo lanu.

Choyamba, kufotokoza mwachidule za zolakwika za mayina.

kugwirizana iyi ndi dera lokhalo lomwe limapanga magetsi.

batire imakhala ndi maselo olumikizidwa bwino. Cholinga chake ndikuwonjezera ma voltage, capacitance (mphamvu zomwe zitha kutengedwa kuchokera kudongosolo), kapena zonse ziwiri.

аккумулятор ndi cell kapena batire lomwe limatha kuwonjezeredwa pomwe latha. Sikuti chip chilichonse chili ndi zinthu izi - zambiri zimatha kutaya. M’kalankhulidwe ka tsiku ndi tsiku, mawu aŵiri oyambirira amagwiritsiridwa ntchito mofananamo (izi zidzakhalanso momwemo m’nkhani), koma munthu ayenera kuzindikira kusiyana pakati pawo (1).

1. Mabatire okhala ndi maselo.

Mabatire sanapangidwe kwazaka makumi angapo zapitazi, ali ndi mbiri yayitali kwambiri. Mwina munamvapo kale za nkhaniyi Galvaniego i Volts chakumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX ndi XNUMX, zomwe zidakhala chiyambi chakugwiritsa ntchito magetsi mufizikiki ndi chemistry. Komabe, mbiri ya batire inayamba ngakhale kale. Izo zinali kalekale…

... nthawi yayitali ku Baghdad

Mu 1936 wofukula wa ku Germany Wilhelm Koenig anapeza chotengera chadothi pafupi ndi Baghdad cha m’zaka za m’ma XNUMX BC.

Komabe, zomwe zinali m'chombomo zinali zodabwitsa: mpukutu wa dzimbiri wamkuwa, ndodo yachitsulo, ndi zotsalira za utomoni wachilengedwe. Koenig anadabwa ndi cholinga cha chinthucho mpaka anakumbukira ulendo wake wa Alley of Jewelers ku Baghdad. Amisiri akumaloko ankagwiritsanso ntchito zipangizo zofanana ndi zimenezi pofuna kuphimba zinthu zamkuwa ndi zitsulo zamtengo wapatali. Lingaliro lakuti linali batire lakale silinatsimikizire akatswiri ena ofukula zinthu zakale kuti palibe umboni wa magetsi umene unapulumuka panthawiyo.

Ndiye (ndizo zomwe anapezazo zimatchedwa) kodi izi ndi zenizeni kapena nthano yochokera ku 1001 usiku? Lolani kuyesa kusankha.

Mufunika: mbale yamkuwa, msomali wachitsulo ndi vinyo wosasa (zindikirani kuti zipangizo zonsezi zinali zodziwika komanso zopezeka kale kwambiri). Bwezerani utomoni kuti mutseke chotengeracho ndikuchisintha ndi plasticine ngati kutchinjiriza.

Yesetsani kuyesa mu beaker kapena botolo, ngakhale kugwiritsa ntchito vase yadothi kumapangitsa kuti mayeserowo akhale omveka bwino. Pogwiritsa ntchito sandpaper, yeretsani zitsulo kuchokera pazitsulo ndikuziyikapo mawaya.

Pereka mbale yamkuwa mumpukutu ndikuyiyika muchombo, ndikuyika msomali mu mpukutuwo. Pogwiritsa ntchito pulasitiki, konzani mbale ndi msomali kuti zisakhudze (2). Thirani vinyo wosasa (pafupifupi 5% yankho) muchombo ndipo, pogwiritsa ntchito multimeter, yesani voteji pakati pa mapeto a mawaya ogwirizanitsidwa ndi mbale yamkuwa ndi msomali wachitsulo. Khazikitsani chida choyezera DC chapano. Ndi mitengo iti yomwe ili "plus" ndipo "minus" ya gwero lamagetsi ndi iti?

2. Chojambula cha kopi yamakono ya batri yochokera ku Baghdad.

Mamita akuwonetsa 0,5-0,7 V, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti batire ya Baghdad ikugwira ntchito! Chonde dziwani kuti mzati wabwino wa dongosolo ndi mkuwa, ndipo mzati zoipa ndi chitsulo (mita amasonyeza zabwino voteji mtengo mwa njira imodzi kulumikiza mawaya kuti materminal). Kodi n'zotheka kupeza magetsi kuchokera ku kope lomangidwa kuti ligwire ntchito yothandiza? Inde, koma pangani zitsanzo zina zingapo ndikuzilumikiza mndandanda kuti muwonjezere voteji. Ma LED amafunikira pafupifupi 3 volts - ngati mutapeza zochuluka kuchokera ku batri yanu, LED idzawunikira.

Battery ya Baghdad idayesedwa mobwerezabwereza kuti imatha kugwiritsa ntchito zida zazing'ono. Kuyesera kofananako kunachitika zaka zingapo zapitazo ndi olemba pulogalamu yachipembedzo MythBusters. Mythbusters (kodi mukukumbukirabe Adam ndi Jamie?) Adafikanso potsimikiza kuti kapangidwe kake kamakhala ngati batire lakale.

Ndiye ulendo wa anthu ndi magetsi unayamba zaka 2 zapitazo? Inde ndi ayi. Inde, chifukwa ngakhale zinali zotheka kupanga magetsi. Ayi, chifukwa chopangidwacho sichinali chofala - palibe amene ankachifuna panthawiyo komanso kwa zaka mazana ambiri.

Kulumikizana? Ndi zophweka!

Tsukani bwino pazitsulo zazitsulo kapena mawaya, aluminiyamu, chitsulo, ndi zina zotero. Ikani zitsanzo zazitsulo ziwiri zosiyana mu chipatso chowutsa mudyo (chomwe chimathandizira kuyenda kwa magetsi) kuti asakhudze wina ndi mnzake. Lumikizani ma multimeter clamps kumapeto kwa mawaya omwe akutuluka mu chipatsocho, ndikuwerenga voteji pakati pawo. Sinthani mitundu ya zitsulo zogwiritsidwa ntchito (komanso zipatso) ndipo pitirizani kuyesa (3).

3. Selo la zipatso (aluminium ndi ma electrode amkuwa).

Muzochitika zonse maulalo adapangidwa. Miyezo yamagetsi yoyezedwa imasiyana kutengera zitsulo ndi zipatso zomwe zimatengedwa poyesera. Kuphatikizira maselo a zipatso mu batri kudzakuthandizani kuti mugwiritse ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi zazing'ono (pamenepa, pamafunika ndalama zochepa zamakono, zomwe mungapeze kuchokera ku mapangidwe anu).

Lumikizani malekezero a mawaya omwe amachokera ku zipatso zowopsya kupita ku mawaya, ndipo izi, pamapeto pake, mpaka kumapeto kwa LED. Mukangolumikiza mizati ya batri ku "terminal" yofananira ya diode ndipo voteji yadutsa malo enaake, diode idzawunikira (ma diode amitundu yosiyanasiyana ali ndi magetsi osiyana, koma pafupifupi 3 volts ayenera kukhala okwanira. ).

Gwero lamagetsi lowoneka bwino ndi wotchi yamagetsi - imatha kugwira ntchito pa "batri yazipatso" kwa nthawi yayitali (ngakhale zambiri zimatengera mtundu wa wotchiyo).

Masamba sakhala otsika kuposa zipatso komanso amakulolani kupanga batire kuchokera mwa iwo. Monga? Tengani pickles pang'ono ndi kuchuluka koyenera kwa mapepala amkuwa ndi aluminiyamu kapena mawaya (mutha kusintha izi ndi misomali yachitsulo, koma mupeza magetsi otsika kuchokera pa ulalo umodzi). Sonkhanitsani batri ndipo mukaigwiritsa ntchito kuti muzitha kuyendetsa gawo lophatikizidwa kuchokera mubokosi la nyimbo, kwaya ya nkhaka idzayimba!

Chifukwa nkhaka? Konstantin Ildefons Galchinsky anatsutsa kuti: "Ngati nkhaka siimaimba ndipo nthawi iliyonse, mwina sangathe kuwona mwa chifuniro cha kumwamba." Zikuoneka kuti katswiri wa zamankhwala amatha kuchita zinthu zomwe ngakhale olemba ndakatulo sanazilote.

Bivouac batri

Mwadzidzidzi, mutha kupanga batire nokha ndikugwiritsa ntchito kuyatsa LED. Zowona, kuwala kudzakhala kocheperako, koma kuli bwino kuposa kusakhalapo.

Mufuna chiyani? A diode, ndithudi, komanso kuwonjezera, nkhungu ya ayezi, waya wamkuwa, ndi misomali yachitsulo kapena zomangira (zitsulo ziyenera kutsukidwa pamwamba kuti zithetse magetsi). Dulani waya mu zidutswa ndikukulunga mutu wa wononga kapena msomali ndi mbali imodzi ya chidutswacho. Pangani masanjidwe angapo amkuwa amkuwa motere (8-10 akhale okwanira).

Thirani dothi lonyowa m'mphepete mwa nkhungu (mutha kuwazanso ndi madzi amchere, omwe angachepetse kukana kwamagetsi). Tsopano ikani kapangidwe kanu m'bowo: wononga kapena msomali ulowe mu dzenje limodzi, ndi waya wamkuwa kulowa mumzake. Ikani zotsatirazi kuti pakhale zitsulo muzitsulo zomwezo ndi mkuwa (zitsulo sizikanatha kukumana). Zonse zimapanga mndandanda: zitsulo-mkuwa-zitsulo-mkuwa, etc. Konzani zinthuzo m'njira yakuti zibowo zoyamba ndi zomaliza (zokhazo zomwe zili ndi zitsulo) zikhale pafupi ndi mzake.

Apa pafika pachimake.

Ikani mwendo umodzi wa diode mu gawo loyamba la mzere ndi wina kumapeto. Kodi ukuwala?

Ngati ndi choncho, zikomo kwambiri (4)! Ngati sichoncho, yang'anani zolakwika. Diode ya LED, mosiyana ndi babu wamba, iyenera kukhala ndi kulumikizana kwa polarity (kodi mukudziwa chitsulo chomwe ndi "plus" ndi "minus" ya batire?). Ndikokwanira kuyika miyendo molunjika pansi. Zomwe zimayambitsa kulephera ndizotsika kwambiri (osachepera 3 volts), dera lotseguka kapena lalifupi momwemo.

4. "Batri yapadziko lapansi" ikugwira ntchito.

Choyamba, onjezerani chiwerengero cha zigawo. Chachiwiri, yang'anani kugwirizana pakati pa zitsulo (komanso kusindikiza pansi mozungulira). Kachitatu, onetsetsani kuti malekezero a mkuwa ndi zitsulo musakhudze mzake mobisa ndi kuti nthaka kapena matope amene wetted si kugwirizana moyandikana maenje.

Kuyesera ndi "batire yapadziko lapansi" ndikosangalatsa ndikutsimikizira kuti magetsi angapezeke pafupifupi chilichonse. Ngakhale simukuyenera kugwiritsa ntchito nyumba yomangidwa, mutha kusangalatsa alendo nthawi zonse ndi luso lanu ngati MacGyver (mwina amangokumbukiridwa ndi akatswiri akuluakulu) kapena odziwa kupulumuka.

Kodi maselo amagwira ntchito bwanji?

Chitsulo (electrode) chomizidwa mu njira yothetsera (electrolyte) chimaperekedwa ndi icho. Ma cations ochepa amapita ku yankho, ndipo ma elekitironi amakhalabe muzitsulo. Ndi ma ion angati omwe ali mu yankho komanso ma electron angati omwe ali muzitsulo zimadalira mtundu wachitsulo, yankho, kutentha, ndi zina zambiri. Ngati zitsulo ziwiri zosiyana zimizidwa mu electrolyte, magetsi amatuluka pakati pawo chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ma elekitironi. Mukagwirizanitsa maelekitirodi ndi waya, ma elekitironi ochokera kuchitsulo ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha iwo (electrode negative, i.e., anode wa selo) adzayamba kuyenda mu chitsulo ndi ochepa chiwerengero cha iwo (positive electrode, cathode). Inde, pamene selo likugwira ntchito, kuyenera kusungidwa bwino: ma cations achitsulo kuchokera ku anode amapita ku yankho, ndipo ma elekitironi operekedwa ku cathode amachitira ndi ma ions ozungulira. Dera lonse limatsekedwa ndi electrolyte yomwe imatsimikizira kusamutsidwa kwa ayoni. Mphamvu zama elekitironi zomwe zimayenda kudzera pa kondakitala zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pothandiza.