Baltic cauldron: Estonia, Latvia ndi Lithuania

Sitima yapamtunda yonyamula zida za Estonian No. 2 ku Valga kumalire a Estonian-Latvia mu February 1919.

Estonia, Latvia ndi Lithuania ali ndi gawo limodzi la theka la Poland, koma gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu ndi limodzi mwa anthu ake. Maiko ang'onoang'onowa - makamaka chifukwa cha zisankho zabwino za ndale - adapeza ufulu wawo pambuyo pa nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse. Komabe, adalephera kumuteteza panthawi yotsatira ...

Chinthu chokha chomwe chimagwirizanitsa anthu a ku Baltic ndi malo awo. Iwo amasiyanitsidwa ndi kuvomereza (Akatolika kapena Alutera), komanso ndi mafuko. Estonians ndi dziko la Finno-Ugric (logwirizana kwambiri ndi Finns ndi Hungarians), Lithuanians ndi Balts (ogwirizana kwambiri ndi Asilavo), ndipo dziko la Latvia linapangidwa chifukwa chophatikizana kwa Finno-Ugric Livs ndi Baltic Semigalians. , Latgalian ndi Kurans. Mbiri ya anthu atatuwa ndi yosiyananso: anthu aku Sweden anali ndi chikoka chachikulu ku Estonia, Latvia anali dziko lachikhalidwe cha Germany, ndipo Lithuania anali Polish. Ndipotu, mayiko atatu a ku Baltic anapangidwa kokha m’zaka za zana la XNUMX, pamene anadzipeza ali m’malire a Ufumu wa Russia, umene olamulira ake anatsatira mfundo ya “kugawanitsa ndi kulamulira.” Panthawiyo, akuluakulu a tsarist adalimbikitsa chikhalidwe cha anthu wamba - ndiko kuti, Estonian, Latvian, Samogitian - pofuna kufooketsa chikoka cha Scandinavia, Germany ndi Polish. Iwo apindula kwambiri: achinyamata a ku Baltic anthu aang'ono mwamsanga anakana "opindula" awo a ku Russia ndi kusiya ufumuwo. Komabe, zimenezi zinachitika pambuyo pa nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse.

Nkhondo Yaikulu pa Nyanja ya Baltic

Pamene Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse inayamba m'chilimwe cha 1914, Russia inali yabwino kwambiri: lamulo la Germany ndi Austro-Hungary, lomwe linakakamizika kumenyana ndi mbali ziwiri, silinathe kutumiza mphamvu zazikulu ndi njira zotsutsana ndi gulu lankhondo la tsarist. Anthu a ku Russia anaukira East Prussia ndi magulu ankhondo awiri: imodzi inawonongedwa modabwitsa ndi Ajeremani ku Tannenberg, ndipo ina inabwezeredwa. M'dzinja, zochitikazo zinasamukira kudera la Ufumu wa Poland, kumene mbali zonse ziwiri zinasinthana nkhonya. Pa Nyanja ya Baltic - pambuyo pa "nkhondo ziwiri pa nyanja ya Masurian" - kutsogolo kunazizira pamzere wa malire akale. Zochitika kum'mwera chakumadzulo chakum'mawa - ku Lesser Poland ndi Carpathians - zidakhala zotsimikizika. Pa May 2, 1915, maiko apakati anayambitsa ntchito zonyansa kuno ndipo - pambuyo pa nkhondo ya Gorlice - adapambana kwambiri.

Panthawi imeneyi, Ajeremani anayambitsa kuukira kwazing'ono ku East Prussia - iwo amayenera kulepheretsa anthu a ku Russia kuti asatumize zowonjezera ku Poland. Komabe, lamulo la Russia linalanda mbali ya kumpoto ya kutsogolo kwa kummawa kwa asilikali, kuwasiya kuti asiye kuukira kwa Austro-Hungary. Kummwera, izi sizinabweretse chotulukapo chokhutiritsa, ndipo kumpoto, asilikali odzichepetsa a Germany anagonjetsa mizinda ina mosavuta modabwitsa. Kupambana kwa Central Powers kumbali zonse za Kum'mawa kwa Eastern Front kunachititsa mantha anthu a ku Russia ndipo kunachititsa kuti asilikali achoke ku Ufumu wa Poland, atazunguliridwa kuchokera kumpoto ndi kumwera. Kusamutsidwa kwakukulu komwe kunachitika m'chilimwe cha 1915 - pa August 5, Ajeremani adalowa ku Warsaw - adatsogolera asilikali a Russia ku tsoka. Anataya asilikali pafupifupi miliyoni imodzi ndi theka, pafupifupi theka la zipangizo ndi gawo lalikulu la mafakitale. Zowona, m'dzinja kuukira kwa Central Powers kunayimitsidwa, koma mokulirapo izi zinali chifukwa cha zisankho zandale za Berlin ndi Vienna - pambuyo pa kutha kwa gulu lankhondo la tsarist, adaganiza zotumiza asilikali ku Serbs, Italy. ndi Chifalansa - osati kuchokera kunkhondo zaku Russia zomwe zasowa.

Kumapeto kwa September 1915, kutsogolo kwakum'mawa kunazizira pamzere wofanana ndi malire a kum'mawa kwa Commonwealth yachiwiri ya Polish-Lithuanian: kuchokera ku Carpathians kum'mwera, inapita kumpoto ku Daugavpils. Apa, kusiya mzinda m'manja mwa Russia, kutsogolo anatembenukira kumadzulo, kutsatira Dvina ku Nyanja ya Baltic. Riga pa Nyanja ya Baltic inali m'manja mwa anthu aku Russia, koma mabizinesi amakampani ndi anthu ambiri adasamutsidwa mumzindawu. Kutsogolo kunayima pa mzere wa Dvina kwa zaka zoposa ziwiri. Choncho, ku mbali ya Germany anakhalabe: Ufumu wa Poland, chigawo cha Kaunas ndi chigawo cha Courland. Ajeremani adabwezeretsanso mabungwe a boma la Ufumu wa Poland ndikukonza Ufumu wa Lithuania kuchokera kuchigawo cha Kaunas.