Yesani mafuta oyendetsa galimoto: biodiesel GAWO 2
Makampani oyamba kupereka zitsimikizo zamainjini awo a biodiesel anali opanga zida zaulimi ndi zoyendera monga Steyr, John Deere, Massey-Ferguson, Lindner ndi Mercedes-Benz. Pambuyo pake, kuchuluka kwa biofuels kwakula kwambiri ndipo tsopano kumaphatikizapo mabasi oyendera anthu komanso matekisi m'mizinda ina.
Kusamvana pankhani yopereka kapena kuchotsera zitsimikizo za opanga magalimoto pokhudzana ndi kuyenera kwa injini kuyendetsa biodiesel kumadzetsa mavuto ndi zovuta zambiri. Chitsanzo cha kusamvetsetsana koteroko ndizomwe zimachitika pomwe wopanga mafuta (pali choyimira chotere ndi Bosch) samatsimikizira chitetezo cha zida zake mukamagwiritsa ntchito biodiesel, ndipo wopanga magalimoto, kukhazikitsa zinthu zomwezo mu injini zake, amapereka chitsimikizo chotere ... Mavuto enieni mumikangano yotereyi Nthawi zina, zimayamba ndikuwoneka zopindika zomwe sizikukhudzana ndi mtundu wamafuta omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito.
Zotsatira zake, akhoza kuimbidwa mlandu wa machimo omwe mulibe cholakwa, kapena mosiyana - amalungamitsidwa pamene ali. Pakachitika madandaulo, opanga (omwe VW ndi chitsanzo chodziwika bwino ku Germany) nthawi zambiri amatsuka m'manja ndi mafuta otsika, ndipo palibe amene angatsimikizire mwanjira ina. M'malo mwake, wopanga nthawi zonse atha kupeza chitseko ndikupewa mlandu pazowonongeka zilizonse zomwe adanena kale kuti zidaphatikizidwa mu chitsimikizo cha kampaniyo. M'tsogolomu, kuti apewe kusamvana ndi mikangano yamtunduwu m'tsogolomu, akatswiri a VW adapanga sensa yamafuta (yomwe imatha kupangidwa mu Golf V) kuti awone mtundu ndi mtundu wamafuta, omwe, ngati kuli kofunikira, amawonetsa kufunika kowongoleredwa. mphindi. zamagetsi zamagetsi zamagetsi zomwe zimayendetsa njira mu injini.
ubwino
Monga tanenera kale, biodiesel ilibe sulufule, chifukwa imakhala ndi mafuta achilengedwe kenako omwe amapangidwira. Kumbali imodzi, kupezeka kwa sulfa m'mafuta amtundu wa dizilo ndikothandiza chifukwa kumathandizira mafuta amagetsi, koma mbali ina, ndizovulaza (makamaka machitidwe amakono a dizilo), chifukwa imapanga ma oxide a sulfure ndi zidulo zomwe zimawononga zinthu zawo zazing'ono. Mafuta a sulufule a mafuta a dizilo ku Europe ndi madera ena ku America (California) atsika kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa pazifukwa zachilengedwe, zomwe zidakulitsanso mtengo woyenga. Mafuta ake adasokonekeranso ndi kuchepa kwa sulfa, koma zovuta izi zimalipidwa mosavuta ndikuwonjezera zowonjezera ndi biodiesel, yomwe ikakhala njira yabwino kwambiri yothetsera vutoli.
Biodiesel amapangidwa kwathunthu ndi ma paraffinic ma hydrocarbon okhala ndi maulalo owongoka ndi nthambi ndipo mulibe zonunkhira (mono - ndi polycyclic) ma hydrocarbon. Kukhalapo kwa mankhwala otsirizawa (okhazikika komanso, otsika kwambiri a cetane) mu mafuta a dizilo ndi chimodzi mwazifukwa zazikulu zosakwanira kuyaka kwamainjini ndikutulutsa zinthu zowopsa mu mpweya, ndipo pachifukwa chomwechi kuchuluka kwa bietel ya bietel ndikokwera kwambiri kuposa koyenera. mafuta a dizilo. Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti chifukwa cha mankhwala omwe atchulidwa, komanso kupezeka kwa oxygen m'molekyulu ya biodiesel, imayaka kwambiri, ndipo zinthu zoyipa zomwe zimatulutsidwa pakayaka ndizochepa kwambiri (onani Table).
Ntchito ya injini ya Biodiesel
Malinga ndi kafukufuku wochuluka omwe anachitika ku US ndi mayiko ena a ku Ulaya, kugwiritsa ntchito biodiesel kwa nthawi yaitali kumachepetsa kuvala kwa zinthu za silinda poyerekeza ndi zochitika pamene dizilo wamba wokhala ndi sulfure wotsika kwambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa okosijeni mu molekyulu yake, biofuel imakhala ndi mphamvu yocheperako pang'ono poyerekeza ndi dizilo yamafuta, koma mpweya womwewo umapangitsa kuti magwiridwe antchito aziyaka ndipo pafupifupi amalipira mphamvu zocheperako. Kuchuluka kwa okosijeni ndi mawonekedwe enieni a mamolekyu a methyl ester kumabweretsa kusiyana pakati pa nambala ya cetane ndi mphamvu za biodiesel kutengera mtundu wa feedstock. Mwa zina, kumwa kumawonjezeka, koma mafuta owonjezera omwe amafunikira kuti apereke mphamvu yomweyo amatanthauza kutentha kwapansi, komanso kuwonjezereka kotsatira kwake. The magawo zazikulu za ntchito injini pa ambiri mu Europe mafuta dizilo opangidwa kuchokera rapeseed (otchedwa "ukadaulo" rapeseed, chibadwa kusinthidwa ndi osayenera chakudya ndi chakudya), ndi chimodzimodzi mafuta dizilo. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito njere zosaphika za mpendadzuwa kapena mafuta ogwiritsidwa ntchito kuchokera ku zokazinga zodyera (omwenso ndi osakaniza amafuta osiyanasiyana), pali avareji ya 7 mpaka 10% kutsika kwa mphamvu, koma nthawi zambiri kutsika kumatha kukhala kwakukulu. chachikulu. Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti injini za biodiesel nthawi zambiri zimapewa kuwonjezeka kwa mphamvu pazikuluzikulu - zomwe zimakhala ndi 13%. Izi zikhoza kufotokozedwa ndi mfundo yakuti m'njirazi chiŵerengero cha mpweya waulere ndi mafuta opangidwa ndi jekeseni chimachepetsedwa kwambiri, zomwe zimabweretsa kuwonongeka kwa kayendedwe ka kuyaka. Komabe, biodiesel imanyamula mpweya, zomwe zimalepheretsa zotsatirazi zoipa.
Mavuto
Ndipo, pambuyo pa ndemanga zabwino zambiri, bwanji biodiesel sikhala chinthu chodziwika bwino? Monga tanena kale, zifukwa za izi ndizofunikira kwambiri pazomangamanga komanso zamaganizidwe, koma zina mwaukadaulo ziyenera kuwonjezeredwa.
Zotsatira zamafuta akale pazinthu zama injini, makamaka pazinthu zamagulu azakudya, sizinakhazikitsidwebe bwino, ngakhale panali kafukufuku wambiri mderali. Milandu yakhala ikunenedwa kuti kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa biodiesel pamlingo wonse kunapangitsa kuwonongeka ndikuchedwa kuwonongeka kwa mapaipi a labala ndi mapulasitiki ena ofewa, ma gaskets ndi ma gaskets omwe amakhala omata, ofewa komanso otupa. Mwakutero, ndikosavuta kuthana ndi vutoli posintha mapaipi ndi zinthu zopangira, koma sizikudziwika ngati opanga makina azikhala okonzekera ndalama zoterezi.
Osiyanasiyana biodiesel feedstocks ndi osiyana thupi katundu pa otsika kutentha. Choncho, mitundu ina ya biodiesel ndiyoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'nyengo yozizira kusiyana ndi ena, ndipo opanga biodiesel amawonjezera zowonjezera zowonjezera pamafuta omwe amachepetsa mtambo ndikuthandizira kuti kuyambira kukhale kosavuta masiku ozizira. Vuto lina lalikulu la biodiesel ndi kuchuluka kwa nitrogen oxides mu mpweya wotuluka wa injini zomwe zikuyenda pamafuta awa.
Mtengo wopangira biodiesel umadalira makamaka mtundu wa chakudya, mphamvu yokolola, mphamvu ya malo opangira zinthu komanso, koposa zonse, ndondomeko ya msonkho wamafuta. Mwachitsanzo, chifukwa chakupumira kwa msonkho ku Germany, biodiesel ndi yotsika mtengo pang'ono kuposa dizilo wamba, ndipo boma la US limalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito biodiesel ngati mafuta ankhondo. Mu 2007, mafuta a biofuel a m'badwo wachiwiri omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mbewu zambiri monga chakudya chamafuta adzayambitsidwa - pamenepa njira yotchedwa biomass-to-liquid (BTL) yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Choren.
Pali malo ambiri ku Germany komwe mafuta oyera amatha kudzazidwa, ndipo zida zodzazirazo ndizovomerezeka ndi kampani ya uinjiniya SGS ku Aachen, ndipo kampani yotembenuza Aetra ku Paderborn imazipereka kwa onse omwe ali ndi mafuta ndi anthu. gwiritsani. Ponena za kusintha kwamagalimoto, kupita patsogolo kwakukulu kwachitika mderali posachedwa. Ngati mpaka dzulo ambiri ogwiritsa ntchito mafuta anali dizilo zisanachitike mchaka cha makumi asanu ndi atatu, lero makamaka mainjini oyendetsa jakisoni amasinthana ndi mafuta a masamba, ngakhale omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ma jakisoni ovuta komanso njira za Common Rail. Kufunanso kukukulirakulira, ndipo posachedwa msika waku Germany ukhoza kupereka zosintha zoyenerera zamagalimoto onse okhala ndi injini zogwiritsira ntchito kudziyatsa.
Zochitikazo zakhala zikulamulidwa kale ndi makampani akuluakulu omwe amakhazikitsa zida zogwirira ntchito bwino. Komabe, kusinthika kodabwitsa kwambiri kumachitika mwawonyamula mphamvu palokha. Komabe, mtengo wamafuta sikuyenera kutsika pansi pamasenti 60 pa lita, chifukwa chachikulu cha izi ndikuti feedstock yomweyo imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga biodiesel.
anapezazo
Biodiesel akadali mafuta otsutsana kwambiri komanso okayikitsa. Otsutsawo akuti chifukwa cha zingwe zamafuta ndi zomatira, zida zachitsulo zachita dzimbiri ndi mapampu amafuta owonongeka, ndipo makampani agalimoto atalikirana ndi njira za chilengedwe, mwina pofuna kudzipatsa mtendere wamumtima. Malamulo ovomerezeka a chivomerezo cha mafutawa, omwe mosakayikira amakondweretsa pazifukwa zambiri, sanavomerezedwe.
Komabe, tisaiwale kuti anaonekera pa msika posachedwapa - pafupifupi zosaposa zaka khumi. Nthawi imeneyi inali yoyendetsedwa ndi mitengo yotsika yamafuta amafuta wamba, omwe samalimbikitsa ndalama pazachitukuko chaukadaulo ndi kukonza kwa zomangamanga kuti zilimbikitse kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake. Pakadali pano, palibe amene adaganizapo za momwe angapangire zinthu zonse za injini yamafuta kuti zisawonongeke kuukira kwaukali kwa biodiesel.
Komabe, zinthu zitha kusintha kwambiri komanso modabwitsa - ndi kukwera kwamitengo yamafuta ndi kusowa kwake, ngakhale maiko ndi makampani a OPEC atseguka, kufunikira kwa njira zina monga biodiesel kumatha kuphulika. Kenako opanga magalimoto ndi makampani amagalimoto azipereka zitsimikiziro zoyenera pazogulitsa zawo akamachita ndi zina zomwe akufuna.
Ndipo posakhalitsa bwino, chifukwa posachedwa sipadzakhalanso njira zina. M'malingaliro anga odzichepetsa, dizilo ya bio ndi GTL posachedwa idzakhala gawo lofunikira kwambiri pamalonda, omwe adzagulitsidwe m'malo opangira mafuta ngati "dizilo wakale". Ndipo ichi chikhala chiyambi chabe ...
Camilo Holebeck-Biodiesel Raffinerie Gmbh, Austria: “Magalimoto onse aku Europe omwe adapangidwa pambuyo pa 1996 amatha kuyenda bwino pa biodiesel. Mafuta a dizilo omwe ogula amadzaza ku France amakhala ndi 5% biodiesel, pomwe ku Czech Republic komwe kumatchedwa "Bionafta kuli 30% ya biodiesel".
Terry de Vichne, USA: “Mafuta a sulufule otsika achepetsa mphamvu ya mafuta ndi chizoloŵezi chomamatira ku ziwalo za mphira. Makampani amafuta aku US ayamba kuwonjezera biodiesel kukonza mafuta. Shell imawonjezera 2% biodiesel, yomwe imanyamula mpweya ndikuchepetsa mpweya woipa. Biodiesel, monga chinthu chopangidwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe, imakonda kutengeka ndi mphira wachilengedwe, koma m'zaka zaposachedwa chomalizachi chasinthidwa ndi ma polima ena. ”
Martin Styles, wogwiritsa ntchito ku England: "Atayendetsa mgodi wa Volvo 940 (wokhala ndi injini ya 2,5 litre 50-cylinder VW) pa biodiesel yokhazikika, injiniyo idasokonezedwa kwa 000 km. Panalibe mwaye ndi mwaye pamutu panga! Mavavu olowera ndi kutulutsa anali oyera ndipo ma jakisoni ankagwira ntchito bwino pa benchi yoyeserera. Panalibe zikwangwani za dzimbiri kapena mwaye pa iwo. Mavalidwe a injini anali ochepa ndipo panalibe zizindikiro zowonjezerapo za mafuta. ”
