Athena
September 4, 1939, cha m’ma 10:30 m’mawa, kumpoto kwa Ireland. Sitima yapamadzi yaku Britain ya Athenia, idakwera usiku watha ndi U30 itatsala pang'ono kumira.
Kumayambiriro kwa Okutobala chaka chatha, zidziwitso zidawonekera m'manyuzipepala aku Britain zokhudzana ndi kupezeka kwa kuwonongeka kwa sitima yapamtunda ya Athenia. Izi zinali chifukwa cha kufalitsidwa kwa buku lina la David Mearns, yemwe anapereka mutu umodzi pa sitimayi, yomwe inamira ndi sitima yapamadzi mu nthawi yoyamba ya nkhondo pakati pa Foggy Albion ndi Third Reich. Ngakhale Mearns adanenanso kuti kugwiritsa ntchito loboti yapansi pamadzi kokha kungalole ndi chitsimikizo cha XNUMX% kuzindikira chinthu chomwe chapezeka ndi sonar, mbiri yomwe adapeza pazaka zakusaka kopambana (adapeza, mwa zina, kuwonongeka kwa chombo chankhondo. Hood) akuwonetsa kuti izi ndizochitika chabe. Poyembekezera iye, ndi bwino kukumbukira mbiri ya Athenia.
Sitima zapamadzi za Cunard Line, imodzi mwa eni zombo ziwiri za ku Britain zomwe zimayendetsa anthu ambiri kudutsa kumpoto kwa Atlantic, zidawonongeka kwambiri pa Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse, makamaka chifukwa cha sitima zapamadzi za Kaiser. Zinali zoonekeratu kuti zotayika za zombo zomwe zinatengedwa kuchokera ku Germany sizikanatha kulipidwa ndipo maulendo otsala (7 pa 18, kuphatikizapo Mauritania ndi Aquitaine) anayenera kuthandizidwa ndi kusamuka kwatsopano. Chifukwa chake, dongosolo lomwe lidapangidwa nkhondoyo isanathe idafuna kumanga magawo 14. Mavuto azachuma adalepheretsa chimphona china chothamanga kwambiri kuti chisawonekere, nthawi ino chilimbikitso chinali pazachuma chamafuta ndikukopa okwera omwe safuna mwachangu, koma akufuna chitonthozo "chokha" pamtengo wokwanira. Mogwirizana ndi izi, mapulojekiti adapangidwa opangira zombo zomwe zimasamuka pafupifupi matani 20 kapena 000, ndi funnel imodzi ndi turbine drive, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale liwiro la 14-000 knots. mayunitsi, opangidwa ndi Cunard Nomenclature "A-kalasi", anapezerapo ndi Ausonia (15 GRT, 16 okwera), ntchito mu August 13.
Anchor-Donaldson adapangidwa zaka zisanu m'mbuyomo kuti aziyendetsa sitima zapamadzi zokwana 4 za Donaldson Line panjira zochokera ku Liverpool ndi Glasgow kupita ku Montreal, Quebec ndi Halifax. Nkhondo isanathe, awiri a iwo, "Athena" (8668 GRT) ndi "Letitia" (8991 GRT), adatayika (woyamba adagwidwa ndi U 16 1917 August 53, ndipo chachiwiri, kenako chombo chachipatala. , inagwera kumtunda mu chifunga chapansi pa doko lomwe tatchula komaliza ndi kuswa nsonga yake). Popeza kuti Anchor Line inali ya Cunard, kampaniyo inayamba kumanganso zombozo potenga mphamvu - chifukwa cha ngongole yaikulu yochokera ku Commercial Bank of Scotland - chombo cha "A" chomwe chinamangidwa pa imodzi mwa njira zodutsamo za Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Co. ku Govan pafupi ndi Glasgow, komwe kunayamba mu 1922.
Athenia yatsopano idakhazikitsidwa pa 28 Januware 1923. Kwa miliyoni imodzi 250 mapaundi sterling, wogula analandira ngalawa ya mawonekedwe amakono kwa nthawi imeneyo, ndi kusamutsidwa kwa 000 matani aakulu, ndi lonse hull kutalika 13 m ndi m'lifupi pazipita 465 m, ndi boilers madzi mafuta ndi 160,4 ma turbine a nthunzi omwe amatumiza kuzungulira kwawo kudzera m'mabokosi a gear pa 20,2 cardan shafts. Poyamba idapangidwira anthu 6 okwera m'kalasi ndi 2 m'kalasi III. Chifukwa choletsa kuchuluka kwa anthu osamukira ku United States ndi Canada komanso kuchuluka kwa alendo, kuyambira 516, kumangidwanso kwa salon, atha kulandira anthu opitilira 1000 koyamba, 1933 m'zipinda zamakalasi oyendera alendo. ndi anthu 314. mu class III. Anchor-Donaldson anayesa kukopa okwera ake osungunulira kwambiri ndi mawu akuti Athenia "ali ndi zabwino zonse za hotelo yapamwamba," koma iwo omwe adayendapo pamizere ikuluikulu ya mzere uliwonse ayenera kuti adazindikira zoyipa, ngakhale kupitilira apo. menyu. Komabe, sikungakhale kukokomeza kunena kuti inali ngalawa yopambana kwambiri, mpaka 310 ntchito yake sinasokonezedwe ndi kuwombana, kugwa, kapena moto.
Pamodzi ndi mapasa ake a Letitia, omwe adayambitsidwa mu 1925, Athenia adapanga magulu awiri akulu kwambiri a Anchor-Donaldson Line, omwe amagwira ntchito zosakwana 5 peresenti ya magalimoto aku North Atlantic. Idapikisana kwambiri ndi ma liner a Canadian Pacific Railway, yomwe nthawi zambiri imayitanira ku Halifax (panthawi yomwe idafika pansi, inali itapanga maulendo opitilira 100, yomwe imatha masiku 12). Pamene magalimoto kudutsa nyanja ya Atlantic adatsika m'nyengo yozizira, nthawi zina ankagwiritsidwa ntchito poyenda. Kuyambira 1936, Anchor atachotsedwa ndipo katundu wake adagulidwa ndi m'modzi mwa ogwirizana nawo, adalowa m'manja mwa Donaldson Atlantic Line yomwe idangopangidwa kumene.
Pamene fungo la nkhondo ina ku Ulaya linakula, mipando yowonjezereka inakhala m’sitima zowoloka nyanja ya Atlantic. Pamene Athenia ananyamuka ku Glasgow pa 1 September, monga momwe anakonzera, panali okwera 420, kuphatikizapo 143 nzika zaku US. Kuyendetsa galimoto kunachitika masana, cha m’ma 20 koloko madzulo Athenia analowa ku Belfast, n’kutenga anthu 00 kuchokera kumeneko. James Cook, yemwe anali kaputeni wake kuyambira 136, adadziwitsidwa kumeneko kuti ayenda mosadziwika bwino polowera ku Liverpool. Atafika kumeneko, adalandira malangizo kuchokera kwa Admiralty mu ofesi ya kapitawo, ndikumulamula kuti azizunguliranso ndipo, atachoka ku Atlantic, atsatire njira yomwe ili kumpoto kwa njira yokhazikika. Kuyambira 1938:13, okwera ambiri akwera ku Athenia - analipo 00. Choncho, pamodzi, sitimayo inatenga anthu 546 paulendo wapamadzi, kuposa nthawi zonse. Nzika za Canada (1102) ndi USA (469) zinachita bwino kwambiri, ndi mapasipoti aku Britain - okwera 311, ochokera ku continental Europe - 172. Gulu lomaliza linaphatikizapo anthu a 150 achiyuda okhala ndi mapasipoti aku Germany, komanso Poles ndi Czechs.
Northern Ireland
Loweruka 2 September pa 16 Athenia anayamba kuchoka pakamwa pa Mersey. Ngakhale asanapite kunyanja, alamu inanso ya ngalawa inachitidwa. Pa nthawi ya chakudya chamadzulo, mmodzi mwa anthu amene anakhala patebulo la woyendetsa sitimayo ananena kuti ngalawayo ikuwoneka kuti yadzaza kwambiri, ndipo mkulu wa wailesiyo David Don anayankha kuti, “Chonde musadandaule, padzakhala jekete yopulumutsira moyo wanu. Kusasamala kwake, kwenikweni kapena konyengezera, kunali ndi maziko olimba, popeza munali mabwato opulumutsira anthu 30, ma raft 26, ma vest oposa 21 ndi mabasi opulumutsira okwana 1600. Mabwato ambiri anaikidwa m’mipando, boti lililonse lalikulu, lapansi linkakhala ndi anthu 18, ndipo ang’onoang’ono apamwamba, okhala ndi nambala yofanana ndi chilembo A, 86 lililonse, ankayendetsedwa ndi injini zoyatsira mkati. Pazonse, mabwato amatha kutenga anthu 56, ndi ma raft - anthu atatu.
Cha m'ma 3:03 pa 40 September, Athenia yamdima ndi yozungulira inadutsa chilumba cha Inishtrahall kumpoto kwa Ireland. Patapita nthaŵi pang’ono 11:00 woyendetsa wailesi ya ntchitoyo analandira uthenga wonena za mkhalidwe wankhondo pakati pa Britain ndi Third Reich. Mwamsanga ndiponso modekha, uthengawo unaperekedwa kwa apaulendowo. Cook analamulanso kuti mabwato ndi ma raft ayambitsidwe ndiponso zozimitsa moto ndi ma hydrants afufuzidwe. Pofika madzulo, kusamvana m’ngalawamo kunayamba kuchepa, pamene mphindi iliyonse sitimayo inkayenda kutali ndi madzi omwe angakhale oopsa. Posakhalitsa 19, pa liwiro lokhazikika la mfundo za 00, adafika pafupi ndi 15 ° 56'N, 42 ° 14'W, pafupifupi makilomita 05 kum'mwera chakumadzulo kwa Rockall. Kuwonekera kunali kwabwino, kunali mphepo yopepuka kuchokera kumwera, kotero mafunde anali pafupifupi mita imodzi ndi theka. Komabe, izi zinali zokwanira kulepheretsa okwera ambiri kuti asawonekere pazakudya zomwe zidangoyamba kumene. Zowonjezera zinali kutha pamene pafupifupi 55:19 kugwedezeka kwamphamvu kunagunda kumbuyo kwa Atenea. Ambiri mwa ogwira nawo ntchito komanso okwera nawo nthawi yomweyo adaganiza kuti sitimayo yaphulitsidwa.
Colin Porteous, wachitatu woyang'anira wotchiyo, nthawi yomweyo adayambitsa njira zotsekera zitseko m'mabwalo opanda madzi, adatembenuzira telegraph ya injini kukhala "Stop" ndikulamula "Don" kuti apereke chizindikiro chamavuto. Posiya malo ake patebulo, Cook anapita pamlatho ndi tochi, chifukwa magetsi onse omwe anali mkatimo anazima. Ali m'njira, adamva mndandanda wa sitimayo kwambiri kumanzere, kenako anawongoka pang'ono ndi kutenga chepetsa. Atafika pa mlathowo, analamula kuti jenereta yamwadzidzidzi iyambike ndipo anatumiza woyang’anira makina kuti akaone kuwonongeka. Pobwerera, woyendetsa ndegeyo anamva kuti chipinda cha injini chinali chitasefukira, mutu waukulu wolekanitsa ndi chipinda chowotchera unali kuthamanga kwambiri, madzi a m'mphepete mwa sitimayo C anali pafupifupi 0,6 m, ndipo mumtsinje pansi pa chivundikiro cha No. .5. Mkulu wa makanikoyo anauzanso Cook kuti magetsi anali okwanira kuti aziunikira, koma mapampuwo samathabe kupirira ndi kusefukira kwamadzi koteroko.
