Ma eyapoti Padziko Lonse 2019
Hong Kong Airport imamangidwa pachilumba chopanga chokhala ndi malo okwana mahekitala 1255, opangidwa atatha kuwongolera awiri oyandikana nawo: Chek Lap Kok ndi Lam Chau. Ntchito yomanga idatenga zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi ndikuwononga $ 20 biliyoni.
Chaka chatha, mabwalo a ndege padziko lonse anathandiza anthu okwera 9,1 biliyoni ndi katundu wokwana matani 121,6 miliyoni, ndipo ndege zolankhulana ndi anthu zinagwira ntchito zoposa 90 miliyoni zonyamuka ndi kutera. Poyerekeza ndi chaka chathachi, anthu okwera adakwera ndi 3,4%, pomwe matani a katundu adatsika ndi 2,5%. Madoko akuluakulu onyamula anthu atsala: Atlanta (matani 110,5 miliyoni), Beijing (100 miliyoni), Los Angeles, Dubai ndi Tokyo Haneda, ndi madoko onyamula katundu: Hong Kong (matani 4,8 miliyoni), Memphis (matani 4,3 miliyoni), Shanghai, Louisville ndi Seoul. Mu Skytrax kusanja mu gulu lolemekezeka la eyapoti yabwino kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, Singapore idapambana, pomwe Tokyo Haneda ndi Qatari Doha Hamad anali pachiwonetsero.
Msika woyendetsa ndege ndi imodzi mwamagawo akulu kwambiri azachuma padziko lonse lapansi. Imayambitsa mgwirizano wapadziko lonse ndi malonda ndipo ndi chinthu chomwe chimapangitsa chitukuko chawo. Chofunikira kwambiri pamsika ndi ma eyapoti olumikizirana ndi ma eyapoti omwe akugwira ntchito pamenepo (PL). Pali zikwi ziwiri ndi theka za iwo, kuchokera ku zazikulu, zomwe ndege zimagwira ntchito mazana angapo patsiku, mpaka zazing'ono kwambiri, zomwe zimachitika mwa apo ndi apo. Zomangamanga zamadoko zimasiyanasiyana ndikusinthidwa kuti zigwirizane ndi kuchuluka kwa magalimoto omwe amatumizidwa.
Ndege yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi yonyamula katundu ndi Hong Kong, yomwe inkanyamula katundu wokwana matani 4,81 miliyoni. Zonyamula katundu 40 zimagwira ntchito pafupipafupi, kuphatikiza Cathay Pacific Cargo, Cargolux, DHL Aviation ndi UPS Airlines.
Mabwalo a ndege amakhala makamaka pafupi ndi matawuni ang'onoang'ono, ndipo chifukwa cha chitetezo cha ndege, madera akuluakulu ogwidwa ndi kusokoneza phokoso, nthawi zambiri amakhala patali kwambiri ndi malo awo. Kwa ma eyapoti aku Europe, mtunda wapakati kuchokera pakati ndi 18,6 km. Iwo ali pafupi ndi likulu, kuphatikizapo Geneva (4 km), Lisbon (6 km), Düsseldorf (6 km) ndi Warsaw (7 km), ndipo kutali kwambiri ndi Stockholm Skavsta (90 km) ndi doko la Sandefjord. Torp. (100 km), kutumikira Oslo. Kutengera momwe amagwirira ntchito komanso luso komanso kuthekera kothandizira mitundu ina ya ndege, ma eyapoti amagawidwa motengera ma code. Zili ndi nambala ndi chilembo, zomwe manambala 1 mpaka 4 amawonetsa kutalika kwa msewu wonyamukira ndege, ndipo zilembo A mpaka F zimatsimikizira magawo aukadaulo a ndegeyo. Ndege yeniyeni yomwe imatha kukhala, mwachitsanzo, ndege ya Airbus A320 ingakhale ndi nambala yochepa ya 3C (ie msewu wothamangira 1200-1800 m, mapiko 24-36 m). Ku Poland, Chopin Airport ndi Katowice Airport ali ndi ma code 4E apamwamba kwambiri. Makhodi operekedwa ndi ICAO ndi IATA amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzindikira ma eyapoti ndi madoko. Zizindikiro za ICAO ndi zilembo zinayi ndipo zimakhala ndi dera: chilembo choyamba chikutanthauza gawo la dziko lapansi, chachiwiri ndi dera kapena dziko, ndipo awiri otsiriza ndi eyapoti (mwachitsanzo, EDDL - Europe, Germany, Dusseldorf) . Zizindikiro za IATA ndi zilembo zitatu ndipo nthawi zambiri zimatchula dzina la mzinda womwe doko lili (mwachitsanzo, BRU - Brussels) kapena dzina lake (mwachitsanzo, LHR - London Heathrow).
Ndalama zama eyapoti kuchokera ku zochitika zapachaka zili pamlingo wa 160-180 biliyoni wa madola aku US. Ndalama zomwe zimalandira kuchokera ku ntchito zoyendetsa ndege zimapangidwa makamaka kuchokera ku malipiro a: kusamalira okwera ndi katundu pa doko, kutsetsereka ndi kuyimitsa kwadzidzidzi kwa ndegeyo, komanso: kuchotsa-icing ndi kuchotsa chipale chofewa, chitetezo chapadera ndi zina. Amapanga pafupifupi 55% ya ndalama zonse za doko (mwachitsanzo, mu 2018 - 99,6 biliyoni madola US). Ndalama zopanda ndege zimakhala pafupifupi 40% ndipo zimachokera ku: kupatsa chilolezo, kuyimitsa magalimoto ndi ntchito zobwereketsa (mwachitsanzo, mu 2018 - $ 69,8 biliyoni). Ndalama zomwe zimayenderana ndi kayendetsedwe ka doko pachaka zimawononga 60% ya ndalama, gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu lomwe limawerengedwa ndi malipiro a antchito. Chaka chilichonse, mtengo wokulitsa ndi kukonzanso zomangamanga za eyapoti ndi madola 30-40 biliyoni aku US.
Bungwe lomwe limagwirizanitsa ma eyapoti padziko lonse lapansi ndi ACI Airports Council International, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 1991. Imawayimira pazokambirana ndi zokambirana ndi mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi (mwachitsanzo ICAO ndi IATA), mautumiki apamsewu ndi onyamulira ndege, ndikukhazikitsa miyezo yantchito zamadoko. Mu Januware 2020, ogwira ntchito 668 adalumikizana ndi ACI, akugwiritsa ntchito ma eyapoti 1979 m'maiko 176. 95% ya magalimoto padziko lapansi amadutsa kumeneko, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti tiganizire ziwerengero za bungwe ili ngati nthumwi ya mauthenga onse oyendetsa ndege. Ziwerengero zamakono zokhudzana ndi zochitika zamadoko zimasindikizidwa ndi ACI m'malipoti a mwezi uliwonse, pafupifupi chaka chilichonse kumapeto kwa kotala yoyamba ya chaka chotsatira, ndipo zotsatira zomaliza zimasindikizidwa miyezi ingapo pambuyo pake. ACI World ili ku Montreal ndipo imathandizidwa ndi makomiti apadera ndi magulu ogwira ntchito ndipo ili ndi maofesi asanu achigawo: ACI North America (Washington); ACI Europe (Brussels); ACI-Asia/Pacific (Hong Kong); ACI-Africa (Casablanca) ndi ACI-South America/Caribbean (Panama City).
Ziwerengero zamagalimoto a 2019
Chaka chatha, ma eyapoti apadziko lonse lapansi adathandizira anthu 9,1 biliyoni ndi matani 121,6 miliyoni a katundu. Poyerekeza ndi chaka chathachi, kuchuluka kwa anthu okwera anthu kunakwera ndi 3,4%. M'miyezi ina, kuchuluka kwa magalimoto okwera kunakhalabe kuchokera ku 1,8% mpaka 3,8%, kupatula Januware, komwe kudafikira 4,8%. Kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa magalimoto okwera kunalembedwa m'madoko aku South America (3,7%), kukula kudachitika chifukwa cha mayendedwe apanyumba (4,7%). M'misika yayikulu kwambiri ku Asia-Pacific, Europe ndi North America, kukula kwapakati pakati pa 3% ndi 3,4%.
Mayendedwe onyamula katundu asintha kwambiri, kuwonetsa momwe chuma chapadziko lonse chikuyendera. Magalimoto amtundu wapadziko lonse lapansi adatsika ndi -2,5%, osachita bwino ku Asia Pacific (-4,3%), South America (-3,5%) ndi Middle East. Kutsika kwakukulu kwamayendedwe onyamula katundu kunachitika mu February (-5,4%) ndi June (-5,1%), ndipo kakang'ono kwambiri mu Januwale ndi December (-0,1%). Pamsika waukulu waku North America, kutsika kunali kotsika kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi -0,5%. Kusayenda bwino kwa Cargo chaka chatha kudachitika chifukwa chakuchepa kwachuma padziko lonse lapansi, komwe kudachepetsa kuchuluka kwa katundu, komanso kuyambika kwa mliri wa COVID-19 kumapeto kwa chaka (zolakwika zidayendetsedwa ndi eyapoti yaku Asia).
Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti madoko aku Africa adawonetsa kukula kwakukulu kwa kuchuluka kwa magalimoto onyamula anthu komanso kuchepa kwapang'onopang'ono kwa magalimoto onyamula katundu, komwe kunali 6,7% ndi -0,2%, motsatana. Komabe, chifukwa cha kuchepa kwawo (2% gawo), izi sizotsatira zowerengera padziko lonse lapansi.
Ma eyapoti akuluakulu
Panalibe kusintha kwakukulu pamasanjidwe a ma eyapoti akulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. American Atlanta ikadali mtsogoleri (110,5 miliyoni pass.), Ndipo Beijing Capital ili m'malo achiwiri (100 miliyoni pass.). Amatsatiridwa ndi: Los Angeles (88 miliyoni), Dubai (86 miliyoni), Tokyo Haneda, Chicago O'Hare, London Heathrow ndi Shanghai. Hong Kong ikadali doko lalikulu kwambiri lonyamula katundu, lonyamula matani 4,8 miliyoni, ndikutsatiridwa ndi Memphis (matani 4,3 miliyoni), Shanghai (matani 3,6 miliyoni), Louisville, Seoul, Anchorage ndi Dubai. Komabe, potengera kuchuluka kwa zonyamuka ndi kutera, otanganidwa kwambiri ndi awa: Chicago O'Hare (920), Atlanta (904), Dallas (720), Los Angeles, Denver, Beijing Capital ndi Charlotte.
Mwa ma eyapoti makumi atatu akulu kwambiri onyamula anthu (23% ya kuchuluka kwa anthu padziko lonse lapansi), khumi ndi atatu ali ku Asia, asanu ndi anayi ku North America, asanu ndi awiri ku Europe ndi amodzi ku Middle East. Mwa awa, makumi awiri ndi atatu adalemba kuwonjezeka kwa magalimoto, ndi mphamvu zazikulu zomwe zapindula: American Dallas-Fort Worth (8,6%) ndi Denver, ndi Chinese Shenzhen. Pakati pa zonyamula zazikulu makumi awiri zomwe zimayendetsedwa ndi matani (40% ya magalimoto), zisanu ndi zinayi zili ku Asia, zisanu ku North America, zinayi ku Europe ndi ziwiri ku Middle East. Mwa awa, okwana khumi ndi asanu ndi awiri adalemba kuchepa kwa magalimoto, okwera kwambiri ndi Bangkok waku Thailand (-11,2%), Amsterdam ndi Tokyo Narita. Kumbali ina, pa makumi awiri ndi asanu omwe amanyamuka ndikutera, khumi ndi atatu ali ku North America, asanu ndi limodzi ku Asia, asanu ku Europe, ndi amodzi ku South America. Mwa awa, 19 adalemba kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa zochitika, ndi zosinthika kwambiri kukhala madoko aku US: Phoenix (10%), Dallas-Fort Worth ndi Denver.
Mphamvu yoyendetsa kukula kwa magalimoto onyamula anthu inali mayendedwe apadziko lonse lapansi, zomwe (4,1%) zinali 2,8% kuposa mphamvu zamaulendo apanyumba (86,3%). Doko lalikulu kwambiri potengera kuchuluka kwa anthu okwera padziko lonse lapansi ndi Dubai, yomwe idathandizira okwera 76 miliyoni. Madoko otsatirawa ali pagulu ili: London Heathrow (72 miliyoni), Amsterdam (71 miliyoni), Hong Kong (12,4 miliyoni), Seoul, Paris, Singapore ndi Frankfurt. Pakati pawo, zazikulu kwambiri zinalembedwa: Doha Qatar (19%), Madrid ndi Barcelona. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti pamndandanda uwu doko loyamba laku America lili pamalo 34,3 okha (New York-JFK - okwera XNUMX miliyoni).
Madera ambiri akumizinda yayikulu ali ndi ma eyapoti angapo m'matauni awo. Magalimoto okwera kwambiri anali mu: London (mabwalo a ndege: Heathrow, Gatwick, Stansted, Luton, City ndi Southend) - misewu 181 miliyoni; New York (JFK, Newark ndi La Guardia) - 140 miliyoni; Tokyo (Haneda ndi Narita) - 130 miliyoni; Atlanta (Hartsfield) - 110 miliyoni; Paris (Charles de Gaulle ndi Orly) - 108 miliyoni; Chicago (O'Hare ndi Midway) - 105 miliyoni ndi Moscow (Sheremetyevo, Domodedovo ndi Vnukovo) - 102 miliyoni.
