Adolf Andersen ndi ngwazi yapadziko lonse lapansi yosavomerezeka kuchokera ku Wroclaw.
Zamkatimu
Adolf Andersen anali wosewera wa chess waku Germany komanso wotchova njuga. Mu 1851, adapambana mpikisano woyamba wapadziko lonse ku London, ndipo kuyambira nthawi imeneyo mpaka 1958 adadziwika kuti ndiye wosewera wamphamvu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi wa chess. Adalowa m'mbiri ngati woyimira wodabwitsa wa sukulu yophatikizira, chikhalidwe chachikondi cha chess. Masewera ake akuluakulu - "Immortal" ndi Kizeritsky (1851) ndi "Evergreen" ndi Dufresne (1852) adasiyanitsidwa ndi luso lachiwembu, njira zowonera patali ndi machitidwe osakanikirana.
Wosewera wa chess waku Germany Adolf Anderssen ankagwirizana ndi Wrocław moyo wake wonse (1). Kumeneko iye anabadwa (July 6, 1818), anaphunzira ndi kufa (March 13, 1879). Andersen adaphunzira masamu ndi filosofi ku yunivesite ya Wroclaw. Nditamaliza sukulu, anayamba kugwira ntchito pabwalo lochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi, poyamba monga mphunzitsi, kenako pulofesa wa masamu ndi German.
Anaphunzira malamulo a chess kuchokera kwa abambo ake ali ndi zaka zisanu ndi zinayi, ndipo poyamba sanali wodziwa bwino. Anachita chidwi ndi dziko la chess mu 1842 pamene anayamba kulemba ndi kusindikiza mavuto a chess. Mu 1846 analembedwa ntchito monga wofalitsa magazini yongopangidwa kumene yotchedwa Schachzeitung, yomwe pambuyo pake inadzatchedwa Deutsche Schachzeitung (nyuzipepala ya Chess ya ku Germany).
Mu 1848, Andersen mosayembekezereka adakoka ndi Daniel Harrwitz, ndiye katswiri wodziwika bwino wamasewera othamanga. Kupambana kumeneku ndi ntchito ya Andersen monga mtolankhani wa chess zidathandizira kuti aimire Germany pa mpikisano waukulu wapadziko lonse wa chess mu 1851 ku London. Anderssen ndiye adadabwitsa osankhidwa a chess pomenya adani ake onse.
phwando losakhoza kufa
Pampikisanowu, adasewera masewera opambana motsutsana ndi Lionel Kieseritzky, pomwe adapereka nsembe koyamba bishopu, kenako ma rooks awiri, ndipo pomaliza mfumukazi. Masewerawa, ngakhale amaseweredwa ngati masewera ochezeka pa theka la malo odyera aku London, ndi amodzi mwamasewera odziwika kwambiri m'mbiri ya chess ndipo amatchedwa wosafa.
2. Lionel Kizeritsky - wotsutsa Andersen mu masewera osakhoza kufa
Wotsutsa Andersen Lionel Kieseritsky (2) anakhala zaka zambiri za moyo wake ku France. Anali mlendo wokhazikika ku Café de la Régence yotchuka ku Paris, komwe adapereka maphunziro a chess ndipo nthawi zambiri ankasewera mabwalo (anapatsa otsutsa mwayi, monga pawn kapena chidutswa kumayambiriro kwa masewerawo).
Masewerawa adaseweredwa ku London panthawi yopuma mumpikisanowu. Magazini ya chess ya ku France yotchedwa A Régence inaisindikiza mu 1851, ndipo Ernst Falkbeer wa ku Austria (mkonzi wamkulu wa Wiener Schachzeitung) adatcha masewerawa "osakhoza kufa" mu 1855.
Immortal Party ndi chitsanzo chabwino chamasewera azaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi, pomwe ankakhulupirira kuti kupambana kumatsimikiziridwa ndi chitukuko chofulumira ndi kuwukira. Panthawiyo, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya gambit ndi counter-gambit inali yotchuka, ndipo kupindula kwakuthupi sikunali kofunikira kwambiri. Mu masewerawa, White anapereka nsembe mfumukazi, rooks awiri, bishopu ndi pawn kuti aike mkazi wokongola ndi zidutswa zoyera mu 23 mayendedwe.
Adolf Andersen - Lionel Kieseritzky, London, 21.06.1851/XNUMX/XNUMX
1.e4 e5 2.f4 The King's Gambit, yotchuka kwambiri m'zaka za m'ma XNUMX, ndiyotchuka kwambiri chifukwa chakuti ubwino wa White sulipiridwa mokwanira ndi nsembe ya pawn.
2…e:f4 3.Bc4 Qh4+ White imasiya kupanga, koma mfumukazi ya Black nayonso imatha kuwukiridwa mosavuta. 4.Kf1 b5 5.B:b5 Nf6 6.Nf3 Qh6 7.d3 Nq5 8.Sh4 Qg5 9.Nf5 c6 Zikanakhala bwino kusewera 9…g6 kuthamangitsa jumper yoopsa ya White. 10.g4 Nf6 11.G1 c:b5?
Black amapeza mwayi wakuthupi, koma amataya mwayi wake. Zabwino zinali 11…h5 12.h4 Hg6 13.h5 Hg5 14.Qf3 Ng8 15.G:f4 Qf6 16.Sc3 Bc5 17.Sd5 H:b2 (chithunzi 3) 18.Bd6? Andersen apereka nsanja zonse ziwiri! White ali ndi udindo waukulu, womwe ukhoza kuzindikiridwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana, mwachitsanzo, posewera 18.E1, 18.Ge3, 18.d4, 18.Ed1. 18… G: g1?
3. Adolf Andersen – Lionel Kieseritzky, malo pambuyo pa 17… R: b2
Chisankho cholakwika, chikanasewera 18… Q: a1 + 19. Ke2 Qb2 20. Kd2 G: g1. 19 ndi 5!
Kupatulidwa kwa nsanja yachiwiri. E5-pawn imadula mfumukazi yakuda ku chitetezo cha mfumu ndipo tsopano ikuwopseza 20S: g7 + Kd8 21.Bc7 #. 19… R: a1 + 20.Ke2 Sa6? (chithunzi 4) Msilikali wakuda amadziteteza ku 21 Sc7+, kuukira mfumu ndi rook, komanso kusuntha kwa bishopu ku c7.
4. Adolf Andersen - Lionel Kieseritzky, udindo 20 ... Sa6
Komabe, White ali ndi chiwopsezo chimodzi chotsimikizika. Akanasewera 20… Ga6. 21.S: g7+ Kd8 22.Hf6+.
White amaperekanso mfumukazi nsembe. 22… B: f6 23. Be7 # 1-0.
5. Adolf Andersen - Paul Morphy, Paris, 1858, gwero:
Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, Anderssen amadziwika kuti ndi wosewera wamphamvu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi wa chess. Mu December 1858, German chess player anapita ku Paris kukakumana ndi anthu amene anabwera ku Ulaya. Paul Morphy (zisanu). Wosewera wanzeru waku America chess adamenya Andersen bwino (+5 -7 = 2).
Anderssen adayamba katatu ndi 1.a3 yachilendo mu theka lachiwiri la masewerawo, omwe adatchedwa kutsegulidwa kwa Andersen. Kutsegula kumeneku sikunabweretse kupambana kulikonse kwa osewera oyera (1,5-1,5) ndipo sikunagwiritsidwe ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri pambuyo pake m'masewera akuluakulu, chifukwa sichikuthandizira kupanga zidutswa ndi kulamulira pakati. Mayankho ambiri a Black akuphatikizapo 1 ... d5, yomwe imamenyana mwachindunji pakati, ndi 1 ... g6, yomwe ikukonzekera fianchetto, yomwe imaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito queenwing yoyera yofooka kale.
Kwa Morphy, iyi inali masewera ofunikira kwambiri, omwe ambiri amawaona ngati mpikisano wapadziko lonse wosavomerezeka. Pambuyo kugonjetsedwa, Anderssen anakhalabe mu mthunzi wanzeru American chess player kwa zaka zitatu. Anabwereranso kumasewera olimbitsa thupi mu 1861, ndikupambana mpikisano woyamba wapadziko lonse wa robin chess ku London. Kenako adapambana masewera khumi ndi awiri mwa khumi ndi atatu, ndipo pamunda adapambana adasiya, mwa ena, ngwazi yapadziko lonse lapansi Wilhelm Steinitz.
Mu 1865, Andersen analandira udindo wapamwamba maphunziro - mutu wa "Doctor Honoris Causa" pa yunivesite ya Wroclaw, anapereka kwa iye pa ntchito ya luso mbadwa yake. Izi zidachitika pamwambo wazaka 100 za Gymnasium. Frederick ku Wroclaw, komwe Andersen adagwira ntchito ngati mphunzitsi wa Chijeremani, masamu ndi physics kuyambira 1847.
6. Adolf Andersen pa chessboard, Wroclaw, 1863,
gwero:
Andersen adachita bwino kwambiri pampikisano wamkulu, kwa osewera otsogola a chess, zaka (zaka 6). Anamaliza masewera opambana kwambiri m'zaka za m'ma 1870 ndi chigonjetso pa mpikisano wokhala ndi anthu ambiri ku Baden-Baden ku XNUMX, kumene, mwa zina, adagonjetsa World Champion Steinitz.
Mu 1877, pambuyo pa mpikisano ku Leipzig, kumene anamaliza wachiwiri, Andersen pafupifupi anasiya mpikisano chifukwa cha thanzi. Anamwalira ku Wrocław zaka ziwiri pambuyo pake chifukwa cha matenda oopsa a mtima, pa March 13, 1879. Anaikidwa m'manda a Evangelical Reformed community (Alter Fridhof der Reformierten Gemeinde). Mwala wamanda unapulumuka pankhondoyo ndipo kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 60, chifukwa cha zoyesayesa za Lower Silesian Chess Society, idasunthidwa kuchokera kumanda omwe adafuna kuti athetsedwe kupita ku Alley of the Meritors kumanda a Osobowice ku Wrocław (7). Mu 2003, chikwangwani chinayikidwa pamwalapo, chokumbukira zabwino za Andersen.
7. Manda a Andersen pa Alley of the Meritors kumanda a Osobowice ku Wroclaw, gwero:
Kuyambira 1992, mpikisano wa chess wachitika ku Wroclaw woperekedwa kukumbukira wosewera wodziwika bwino wa chess waku Germany. Chikondwerero cha International Chess chaka chino cha Adolf Anderssen chakonzedwa pa 31.07-8.08.2021, XNUMX - zambiri za Chikondwererochi zikupezeka patsamba.
Anderssen Gambit
Adolf Andersen adaseweranso 2…b5?! mu chiyambi cha bishopu. Kuthamanga uku sikudziwika pamasewera apamwamba a chess, chifukwa Black sapeza kufanana kokwanira kwa pawn yomwe idaperekedwa nsembe. Komabe, nthawi zina zimachitika mu blitz pomwe Black imatha kudabwitsa mdani wosakonzekera.
8. Tsamba la Philatelic loperekedwa pamwambo wa zaka 200 za kubadwa kwa Adolf Andersen.
Nachi chitsanzo cha chess yachikondi yomwe idaseweredwa ndi Adolf Andersen wotchuka.
August Mongredien wolemba Adolf Andersen, London, 1851
1.e4 e5 2.Bc4 b5 3.G: b5 c6 4.Ga4 Bc5 5.Bb3 Nf6 6.Sc3 d5 7.e: d5 OO 8.h3 c: d5 9.d3 Sc6 10.Sge2 d4 11.Se4 S : e4 12.d: e4 Kh8 13.Sg3 f5 14.e: f5 G: f5 15.S: f5 W: f5 16.Hg4 Bb4 + (chithunzi 9) 17.Kf1? Zinali zofunikira kuti muteteze mwamsanga mfumuyo posewera 17.c3 d: c3 18.OO c:b2 19.G:b2 ndi malo ofanana. 17… Qf6 18.f3 e4 19.Ke2? Izi zimabweretsa kutayika mwachangu, White amatha kuteteza nthawi yayitali pambuyo pa 19.H: e4 Re5 20.Qg4. 19…e:f3+20g:f3 Re8+21.Kf2 N5 ndi White adasiya ntchito.
9. August Montgredien - Adolf Andersen, London 1851, udindo pambuyo pa 16… G: b4 +
Chikwatulo
Mu 1852, katswiri wa chess wa Chingerezi Howard Staunton adanena kuti agwiritse ntchito galasi la ola kuyesa nthawi yamasewera. The hourglass for time chess game idayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwalamulo mu 1861 pamasewera pakati Adolf Anderssen a Ignatius Kolishsky (10).
Wosewera aliyense anali ndi maola awiri kuti apange mayendedwe 2. Chipangizocho chinali ndi magalasi awiri ozungulira. Mmodzi mwa osewerawo atasuntha, adayika galasi lake la hourglass kuti likhale lopingasa, ndipo wotsutsayo aimirire. M'zaka zapitazi, hourglass idagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamasewera a chess. Mu 24, pamasewera pakati pa Adolf Andersen ndi Wilhelm Steinitz, mawotchi wamba aŵiri anagwiritsidwa ntchito, amene mosinthanasinthana anayamba ndi kuyima atasuntha. Pampikisano womwe unachitikira ku Baden-Baden mchaka cha 1866, otsutsawo adasewera mothamanga 1870 pa ola limodzi ndi kusankha magalasi a maola ndi mawotchi a chess.
10. Gulu la magalasi awiri ozungulira owerengera nthawi mumasewera a chess,
gwero:
Onse ma hourglass ndi njira ziwiri zosiyana za wotchi zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mpaka 1883 pomwe zidasinthidwa ndi wotchi ya chess.
Chess zilembo
Mu 1852, Andersen adasewera masewera otchuka ndi Jean Dufresne ku Berlin. Ngakhale kuti anali masewera ochezeka, katswiri woyamba wa chess padziko lonse Wilhelm Steinitz adawatcha "evergreen in Andersen's laurel wreath" ndipo dzinalo lidakhala lodziwika bwino.
Evergreen game
Mdani wa Andersen pamasewerawa ndi Jean Dufresne, m'modzi mwa osewera amphamvu kwambiri ku Berlin chess, wolemba mabuku a chess, loya ndi ntchito yake, komanso mtolankhani pantchito yake. Dufresne adabwezera Anderssen chifukwa chotaya masewera obiriwira popambana machesi osagwirizana naye mu 1868. Mu 1881, Dufresne adasindikiza bukhu la chess: Kleines Lehrbuch des Schachspiels (Mini Chess Handbook), lomwe, pambuyo powonjezerapo, linasindikizidwa pansi pa mutu wakuti Lehrbuch des Schachspiels (13). Bukuli linali lotchuka kwambiri ndipo likupitirizabe kutchuka.
13. Jean Dufresne ndi bukhu lake lotchuka la chess Lehrbuch des Schachspiels,
gwero:
Nawa imodzi mwamasewera okongola kwambiri m'mbiri ya chess.
Adolf Andersen - Jean Dufresne
1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Bc5 4.b4 (chithunzi 14) Andersen amasankha Evans Gambit mu masewera a ku Italy, kutsegula kotchuka kwambiri m'zaka za m'ma 1826. Dzina la gambit limachokera ku dzina la Welsh chess wosewera William Evans, yemwe anali woyamba kupereka kusanthula kwake. Mu '4 Evans adagwiritsa ntchito gambit iyi pamasewera opambana motsutsana ndi wosewera wamkulu wa chess waku Britain, Alexander McDonnell. White amapereka b-pawn kuti apeze mwayi pakupanga zidutswa ndikupanga malo olimba. 4… G: b5 3.c5 Ga6 4.d4 e: d7 3.OO d8 3.Qb6 Qf9 5.e15 (chithunzi 9) 6… Qg5 Black sangakhoze kutenga pawn pa e9, chifukwa pambuyo 5… N: e10 1 Re6 d11 4.Qa10+ White atenga bishopu wachikuda. 1.Re7 Sge11 3.Ga16 (chithunzi 11) Mabishopu oyera omwe akuyang'anizana ndi mfumu yakuda ndi njira yodziwika bwino ya Evans Gambit 5…bXNUMX? Black mosafunikira amapereka chidutswa, kukonzekera yambitsa nsanja.
14. Adolf Andersen - Jean Dufresne, udindo pambuyo pa 4.b4
15. Adolf Andersen - Jean Dufresne, udindo pambuyo pa 9.e5
16. Adolf Andersen - Jean Dufresne, udindo pambuyo 11. Ga3
Zinali zofunikira kusewera 11.OO kuteteza mfumu ku nkhondo ya mdani 12.H: b5 Rb8 13.Qa4 Bb6 14.Sbd2 Bb7 15.Se4 Qf5? Kulakwitsa kwa Black ndikuti akutayabe nthawi m'malo moteteza mfumu. 16.G: d3 Hh5 17.Sf6+? M'malo mopereka luso, munthu amayenera kusewera 17.Ng3 Qh6 18th Wad1 ndi mwayi waukulu komanso zoopseza zambiri, monga Gc1 17… g:f6 18.e:f6 Rg8 19.Wad1 (chithunzi 17) 19… Q: f3 ? Izi zimabweretsa kugonjetsedwa kwakuda. Zinali bwino kusewera 19…Qh3, 19…Wg4 kapena 19…Bd4. 20b:e7+! Chiyambi cha kuphatikiza kodziwika bwino m'mbiri ya chess. 20… R: e7 (chithunzi 18) 21.Q: d7+! K: d7 22.Bf5 ++ Yang'anani kawiri kukakamiza mfumu kuti isamuke. 22… Ke8 (Ngati 22… Kc6 ikufanana ndi 23.Bd7#) 23.Bd7+Kf8 24.G: e7# 1-0.
17. Adolf Andersen - Jean Dufresne, udindo pambuyo pa 19. Wad1
18. Adolf Andersen - Jean Dufresne, udindo pambuyo pa 20... N: e7
