Chidule chomwe chimalamulira dziko lapansi

Ndalama zakhala zikufotokozedwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana - nthawi zina mophiphiritsira, monga magwero a zoipa padziko lapansi, nthawi zina mwachisawawa, ngati njira yopezera mapeto. Pakalipano, zimaganiziridwa makamaka ngati njira kapena teknoloji yomwe imapangitsa moyo kukhala wosavuta kwa munthu. Ndipotu wakhala ali wotero.

Ndendende, popeza idakhala chinthu chokhazikika, chophiphiritsa komanso chosamvetsetseka. Pamene anthu ankasinthanitsa katundu wosiyanasiyana,. Ndalama zachitsulo zinali kale sitepe yopita ku chikhalidwe, ngakhale kuti chitsulo chamtengo wapatali chimakhalanso chinthu. Komabe, ndalama zinakhala zongopeka ndi chida m'lingaliro lonse la mawu pamene anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito zipolopolo atayima paokha, ndipo potsiriza - ndalama za banki (1).

Ngakhale ndalama zamapepala zidadziwika ku China ndi Mongolia koyambirira kwa Middle Ages, ntchito yeniyeni ya ndalamayi idayamba cha m'ma XNUMX, pomwe idayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito ku Europe. Panthawiyo, ma risiti omwe amaperekedwa ndi mabungwe osiyanasiyana (kuphatikiza mabanki) adayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazamalonda, kutsimikizira kusungitsa ndalama zofananirako mu bullion. Mwiniwake wa chitetezo choterocho nthawi iliyonse akhoza kusinthanitsa ndi woperekayo ndi ndalama zofanana.

Kwa malonda, ndalama za banki zinakhala njira yopambana, koma panthawi imodzimodziyo chiwerengero chawo chinakula. zoopsezazomwe zinali zodziwika kale m'nthawi ya miyala. The issuers kwambiri, ndi mwayi kwambiri fakes.

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XNUMX, Nicolaus Copernicus anaona kuti ngati ndalama zamtundu wosiyana zinali kugawidwa, ndalamazo zinkasonkhanitsidwa bwino ndi ogwiritsa ntchito, zomwe zinawachititsa kuti atuluke pamsika ndi ndalama zochepa. Kubwera kwa ndalama za banknotes, mchitidwe wakuba ndalama zachinyengo unakula. N'zosadabwitsa kuti m'kupita kwa nthawi, mayiko ena adayesa kuwongolera momveka bwino gawo la msika ndikuchepetsa kwambiri chiwerengero cha opereka. Pakadali pano, ndalama zama banknotes zimatha kuperekedwa kokha ndi National Central Bank.

Zotsatira za kugula ndege zazikulu

M’zaka za m’ma 60, pamene makampani apandege anaitanitsa koyamba ndege za 747 ndi DC-10, vuto linabuka. Magalimoto akuluakulu komanso kuchuluka kwa mipando yomwe amagulitsidwa kumatanthauza kuti unyinji wa anthu obwera kumalo operekera makasitomala adakula nthawi imodzi. Chifukwa chake, pofuna kupewa chipwirikiti, oyendetsa ndege adayamba kufunafuna njira yofulumizitsa kugulitsa matikiti ndi kukonza kwa data ya okwera. Panthawiyo, mabanki, masitolo, ndi mitundu yambiri ya mautumiki atsopano anali ndi mavuto ofanana ndi omwe ankafuna kupeza ndalama mosalekeza, popanda zopinga za nthawi, monga maola otsegulira mabungwe azachuma.

2. Makhadi a mizere ya maginito

Anathetsa mavuto a mabanki ATM. Pankhani ya ndege, chida chofananacho chapangidwa chomwe chimatha kuyang'anira kusungitsa malo ndikutulutsa ziphaso zokwerera. Zinali zofunikira kupanga makina otolera ndalama ndi kupereka zikalata. Komabe, kuti makasitomala akhulupirire zida zoterezi, mainjiniya adayenera kupanga njira yomwe ingalole kuti ogwiritsa ntchito adziwike mosavuta, pomwe amatsimikizira aliyense wokhudzidwa kuti inali yachangu, yosavuta komanso yotetezeka.

Yankho linali maginito khadi. Yopangidwa ndi IBM, idayambitsidwa mu 70s, idafalikira padziko lonse lapansi m'ma 80s, ndipo pamapeto pake idapezeka paliponse mu 90s.

Komabe, choyamba okonza mapulogalamuwo anafunikira kudziwa momwe angayikitsire deta pa khadi lililonse. Pomaliza, yankho losavuta linasankhidwa - kujambula nyimbo zambiri, umisiri watsopano womwe umalola magulu awiri osiyana a data kuti asungidwe pamzere umodzi wa maginito. Makampani aliwonse akhoza kudziyika okha miyezo ya njira yake. Panali ngakhale malo a njanji yachitatu, yomwe inalola makampani osungira ndalama ndi ngongole kuti alembe zambiri zamalonda pa khadi lokha.

Iliyonse mwa njira zitatuzo inali ya 0,28 cm mulifupi ndi chogawa chaching'ono chojambula. Njira yoyamba yoperekedwa kumakampani oyendetsa ndege imaphatikizapo, mwa zina, nambala ya akaunti (manambala 19), dzina (26 zilembo za alphanumeric) ndi deta zosiyanasiyana (mpaka manambala 12). Njira yachiwiri, yoperekedwa ku mabanki, inali ndi nambala yaikulu ya akaunti (mpaka manambala 19) ndi deta zosiyanasiyana (mpaka manambala 12). Mpangidwe womwewo ukugwiritsidwabe ntchito mpaka pano.

Mu Januwale 1970, American Express idapereka $250 kwa makasitomala aku Chicago. makadi a mizere ya maginito ndikuyika zowerengera za matikiti odzichitira pawokha pa American Airlines ticket counter pa Chicago O'Hare Airport. Eni makadi amatha kugula matikiti ndi ziphaso zokwerera pa kiosk kapena kwa wothandizira. Iwo anafika pafupi ndi misika.

Khadi yolipirira mizere ya maginito yakhala imodzi mwaukadaulo wopambana kwambiri mzaka zapitazi (2). Idatulukira m'ma 80s. luso lamakhadi anzeru. Makhadi anzeru amawoneka chimodzimodzi, ndipo ambiri amakhalabe ndi chingwe cha maginito kuti agwiritse ntchito m'malo omwe owerenga makhadi anzeru sapezeka, koma khalani ndi microprocessor yomangidwa mu gawo la pulasitiki la khadi.

Chip ichi chimayang'anira ntchito zamakhadi, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti pafupifupi 85% ya zochitika zitha kuloledwa kutengera zomwe zasungidwa mu chip yokha, osadutsa pa netiweki.

Chifukwa cha "okonzekera" a polojekiti yonse - machitidwe olipira monga Visa - malipiro a khadi amapatsa makasitomala chitsimikiziro chobwezera ndalama ngati akulephera kwa kontrakitala. Chitsimikizochi chimaperekedwa ndi banki, kampani yokhazikika komanso malo olipira popanda kutengapo mbali kwa kasitomala. Kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma 70, makhadi apulasitiki akhala njira yofunikira kwambiri kuposa ndalama.

Dziko lopanda ndalama?

Ngakhale kuti apambana, makhadi sanathebe kubweza ndalama zakuthupi. Inde, timamva paliponse kuti kutha kwa ndalama sikungapeweke. Maiko ngati Denmark akutseka minti yawo. Kumbali inayi, pali nkhawa zambiri kuti 100% ndalama zamagetsi ndi 100% kuyang'aniridwa. Kodi njira zatsopano zandalama, mwachitsanzo. kryptowalutykuthetsa mantha amenewa?

Mabungwe azandalama padziko lonse lapansi - kuchokera ku European Central Bank kupita kumayiko aku Africa - akukayikira kwambiri zandalama. Akuluakulu amisonkho amaumirira kuti asiye, chifukwa ndizovuta kwambiri kuthawa misonkho pamakompyuta oyendetsedwa bwino. Amathandizidwanso ndi apolisi ndi mabungwe ena azamalamulo.zomwe, monga tikudziwira m'mafilimu ophwanya malamulo, masutukesi okhala ndi ndalama zamagulu akuluakulu achipembedzo amakonda ...

Maiko aku Scandinavia, omwe nthawi zina amatchedwa post-cash, amawoneka okonzeka kutsanzikana ndi ndalama zakuthupi. Ku Denmark, ichi chinali chidakali chakumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 90, pamene m’zaka zaposachedwapa chinali chifupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu. Msika wakumaloko umayang'aniridwa ndi makhadi komanso ntchito zolipira zam'manja. Danish Central Bank ngakhale posachedwa adayesa kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zenizeni.

Malinga ndi zilengezo, pofika 2030 ndalama zidzasowa ku Sweden. Pachifukwa ichi, amapikisana ndi Norway, kumene pafupifupi 5% ya malonda amapangidwa ndi ndalama. Sikophweka kupeza sitolo kapena malo odyera kumeneko (3) omwe angalandire ndalama zambiri monga momwe zimakhalira.

3. Cashless bar ku Sweden

izi zimathandizidwa ndi chikhalidwe chapadera chomwe chilipo, chochokera ku chikhulupiliro chachikulu cha anthu m'mabungwe a boma, mabungwe azachuma ndi mabanki. Komabe, panalinso chuma chamthunzi m'maiko aku Scandinavia. Koma tsopano kuti magawo anayi pa asanu azinthu zonse amapangidwa ndi ndalama zamagetsi, zonse zasowa. Ngakhale sitolo kapena banki italola ndalama, tikamagulitsa ndalama zambiri, tiyenera kufotokoza kumene tinazitenga. Ogwira ntchito ku banki amafunikiranso kukanena zazochitika zazikulu ngati izi kwa apolisi. Kuchotsa mapepala ndi zitsulo kumabweretsanso ndalama. Mabanki a ku Sweden atasintha malo otetezedwa ndi makompyuta n’kusiya kufunika konyamula ndalama zambirimbiri m’galimoto zonyamula zida, anachepetsa kwambiri ndalama zawo.

Ngakhale ku Sweden, komabe, pali mtundu wotsutsa kusungira ndalama. Mphamvu zake zazikulu ndi okalamba, omwe amavutika kuti asinthe ku makadi olipira, osatchulanso malipiro a mafoni.

Pose tym ena amanena kuti kudalira kwathunthu pamagetsi kungayambitse mavuto aakulu ngati dongosololo likulephera. Pakhala pali kale milandu yotereyi - mwachitsanzo, pa imodzi mwa zikondwerero za nyimbo za Swedish, kulephera kwa malo olipirako kunayambitsa kutsitsimula kwa malonda a malonda.

Osati Scandinavia yokha yomwe ikupita ku malonda opanda ndalama. Belgium ili ndi lamulo loletsa kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zamapepala pogulitsa nyumba. Malire a 3 euro adayambitsidwanso pakulipira ndalama m'dzikolo. Akuluakulu aku France akuti 92% ya nzika zasiya kale ndalama zamapepala pamoyo wawo watsiku ndi tsiku. 89% ya anthu aku Britain amangogwiritsa ntchito mabanki apakompyuta tsiku lililonse. Komanso, Bank of Korea imalosera kuti pofika 2020 dzikolo lidzasiya ndalama zachikhalidwe.

Zotsatira zake, kusintha kwachuma kopanda ndalama kukuchitika kunja kwa mayiko olemera a Kumadzulo ndi Asia. Kutsazikana ndi Africa kutha kubwera ndalama posachedwa kuposa momwe aliyense amaganizira. Mwachitsanzo, Kenya ili kale ndi mamiliyoni angapo ogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu yakubanki yam'manja ya MPesa.

Chochititsa chidwi ndi chakuti dziko limodzi losauka kwambiri ku Africa, lomwe silikudziwika padziko lonse la Somaliland, losiyana mu 1991 kuchokera ku Somalia, lomwe liri ndi chipwirikiti chankhondo, liri patsogolo pa mayiko ambiri otukuka pazochitika zamagetsi. Izi mwina ndi chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa umbanda komwe kumakhalapo, zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala koopsa kusunga ndalama zakuthupi ndi inu.

Ndalama zamagetsi? Inde, koma makamaka osadziwika

Ngati mungathe kugula ndi malipiro apakompyuta, zochitika zonse zidzasiya chizindikiro chawo. Iwo, nawonso, amapanga mbiri yapadera ya moyo wathu. Anthu ambiri sakonda kuonedwa kulikonse ndi boma ndi mabungwe azachuma. Chomwe okayikira amawopa kwambiri ndikutheka kutichotsera chuma chathu ndikungodina kamodzi. Timaopa kupereka mabanki pafupifupi mphamvu zonse pa ife.

Kuphatikiza apo, ndalama za e-currency zimapatsa akuluakulu aboma chida chabwino chothana ndi wokana. Chitsanzo cha PayPal, Visa ndi Mastercard, zomwe nthawi ina zinaletsa malipiro a Wikileaks, ndizowonetseratu. Ndipo iyi si nkhani yokha ya mtundu wake. Chifukwa chake, m'mabwalo ena, komanso mwatsoka, ma cryptocurrencies otengera maunyolo otsekeredwa () akuyamba kutchuka.

Ndalama za Crypto zikhoza kufananizidwa ndi "ndalama" zenizeni zomwe zawonekera pa intaneti ndi masewera kuyambira zaka za 90. Mosiyana ndi mitundu ina ya ndalama za digito, cryptocurrency yotchuka kwambiri, . Okonda ake, komanso othandizira ndalama zina zofanana ndi zamagetsi, amawawona ngati mwayi wogwirizanitsa kufalikira kwamagetsi ndi kufunikira koteteza chinsinsi, chifukwa akadali encrypted ndalama. Komanso, ndi "social" ndalama, osachepera theoretically kulamulidwa osati ndi maboma ndi mabanki, koma ndi mgwirizano wapadera wa onse ogwiritsa, amene pangakhale mamiliyoni padziko lapansi.

Komabe, akatswiri amanena kuti kusadziwika kwa cryptocurrency ndi chinyengo. Kugulitsa kumodzi ndikokwanira kupereka kiyi yachinsinsi yapagulu kwa munthu wina. Wochita chidwi amakhalanso ndi mwayi wopeza mbiri yonse ya kiyi iyi, kotero mbiri yamalonda ikuwonekeranso. Iwo ndi yankho ku vuto limeneli. ndalama zosakaniza. Komabe, tikamagwiritsa ntchito chosakanizira, tiyenera kudalira wogwiritsa ntchito m'modzi, popereka ma bitcoins osakanizika komanso osaulula ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa ma adilesi omwe akubwera ndi otuluka.

Kodi ndalama za crypto zidzatsimikizira kukhala mgwirizano wabwino pakati pa "zofunika zamakedzana" zomwe ndalama zamagetsi zimawoneka kuti ndizofunika komanso kudzipereka kwachinsinsi mu gawo la kupeza ndi kuwononga? Mwina. Australia, yomwe ikufuna kuchotsa ndalama mkati mwa zaka khumi, ikupereka nzika ngati bitcoin dziko pobwezera.

Bitcoin sichingalowe m'malo mwa ndalama

Komabe, dziko lazachuma limakayikira kuti ma cryptocurrencies adzalowa m'malo mwa ndalama zachikhalidwe. Masiku ano, Bitcoin, monga ndalama ina iliyonse, imalimbikitsidwa ndi kuchepa kwa chidaliro cha ndalama zomwe maboma amapereka. Komabe, ili ndi zovuta zazikulu monga kudalira intaneti ndi magetsi. Palinso mantha kuti cryptography kuseri kwa Bitcoin sidzapulumuka kugunda ndi makompyuta a quantum. Ngakhale zida zotere sizinalipobe ndipo sizikudziwika ngati zidzapangidwa, masomphenya omwe amachotsa akaunti nthawi yomweyo amalepheretsa kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zenizeni.

Mu lipoti lake lapachaka la Julayi chaka chino, Bank for International Settlements (BIS) idapereka mutu wapadera ku cryptocurrencies kwa nthawi yoyamba. Malinga ndi BIS, cholinga chawo ndikusintha ntchito za mabungwe azachuma a anthu monga mabanki apakati ndi azamalonda, teknoloji ya leja yogawidwa () komanso . Komabe, malinga ndi olemba a phunziroli, ma cryptocurrencies sangakhale m'malo mwa mayankho omwe alipo pankhani yotulutsa ndalama.

Vuto lalikulu ndi ma cryptocurrencies amakhalabe nawo mkulu wa decentralizationndipo kupanga chidaliro chofunikira kumayambitsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa mphamvu zamakompyuta, ndizosakwanira komanso zosakhazikika. Kusunga chidaliro kumafuna wogwiritsa ntchito aliyense kutsitsa ndikutsimikizira mbiri ya zochitika zonse zomwe zidachitikapo, kuphatikiza ndalama zomwe adalipira, wolipira, wolipira ndi zina zambiri, zomwe zimafunikira mphamvu yayikulu yamakompyuta, zimakhala zopanda ntchito komanso zimawononga mphamvu zambiri. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kudalira ndalama za crypto kumatha kutha nthawi iliyonse chifukwa cha kusowa kwapakati komwe kumatsimikizira kukhazikika kwawo. Cryptocurrency imatha kutsika mtengo mwadzidzidzi kapena kusiya kugwira ntchito palimodzi (4).

4. Mpira wa bitcoin woimiridwa mophiphiritsa

Mabanki apakati amakhazikitsa mtengo wa ndalama za dziko mwa kusintha njira zolipirira zomwe zimafunikira pakugulitsa. Pakadali pano, momwe ndalama za crypto zimapangidwira zimatanthawuza kuti sangathe kuyankha momasuka pakufunika, chifukwa izi zimachitika molingana ndi ndondomeko yomwe imatsimikizira chiwerengero chawo pasadakhale. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kusinthasintha kulikonse komwe kumafunikira kumabweretsa kusintha kwamitengo ya cryptocurrencies.

Ngakhale kukula kwamtengo wapatali kwanthawi ndi nthawi, Bitcoin sinakhale njira yabwino yolipira. Mutha kuyikamo ndalama kapena kuzilingalira pazosinthana zapadera, koma ndizovuta kwambiri kugula mkaka ndi ma buns nawo. Tekinoloje yokhazikitsidwa yomwe imayambitsa ma cryptocurrencies, chifukwa chake, sichidzalowa m'malo mwa ndalama zachikhalidwe, ngakhale itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo ena. Akatswiri a BIS amatchula apa, mwachitsanzo, kufewetsa kwa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake kuti tipeze ndalama zochepa.

Intaneti ya zinthu ndi ndalama

Pakali pano akuwukira ndalama malipiro a mafoni. Padziko lonse m’zaka zaposachedwapa pakhala chizolowezi cholimbikitsa anthu kugwiritsa ntchito mafoni awo a m’manja akamagula zinthu. M'makina olipira am'manja, foni imangokhala kirediti kadi, yosunga zomwezo monga khadi ndikulumikizana ndi kalozera kakang'ono ka kirediti kadi ka wamalonda pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa wailesi wotchedwa (5).

5. Malipiro mu njira yapafupi yolankhulirana

Siziyenera kukhala foni yamakono. M'zaka za intaneti, ngakhale firiji yathu, yolumikizana ndi foni yamakono yathu, idzayitanitsa mafuta m'malo mwathu pamene masensa akuwonetsa kuti akutha. Timangovomereza mgwirizanowo. Kenako, galimotoyo idzalipira mafutawo pokhazikitsa njira yolumikizira kutali ndi malo olipira m'malo mwathu. N'zothekanso kuti khadi lolipira lidzakhala "lotsekedwa" mu zomwe zimatchedwa. magalasi anzeru omwe adzalandira ntchito zina za foni yamakono (zoyamba zomwe zimatchedwa kuti zayamba kale kugulitsidwa).

Palinso njira yatsopano yolipira pa intaneti - kugwiritsa ntchito okamba anzerumonga Google Home kapena Amazon Echo, omwe amadziwikanso kuti othandizira kunyumba. Mabungwe azachuma akuwunika kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito lingaliroli ku inshuwaransi ndi mabanki. Tsoka ilo, nkhawa zachinsinsi, monga kujambula mwachisawawa za zokambirana za mabanja pogwiritsa ntchito zida zapakhomo komanso zaposachedwa za Facebook pakutolera zidziwitso za ogwiritsa ntchito, zitha kuchedwetsa chitukuko ndi kufalikira kwaukadaulo.

Financial Technology Innovators

Zinali zatsopano m'ma 90s. PayPal, ntchito yomwe imakupatsani mwayi wolipira bwino pa intaneti. Panali zambiri m'malo mwake nthawi yomweyo. Kwa zaka zingapo, malingaliro atsopano akhala akuyang'ana pa zothetsera mafoni pogwiritsa ntchito mafoni a m'manja. Chimodzi mwazoyambitsa zoyambira zatsopanozi chinali America Dwola (6), yomwe idayambitsa njira yolipira pa intaneti yomwe idapangidwa kuti izilambalala ogwiritsira ntchito kirediti kadi.

6. Dwalla Administration ndi Likulu

Ndalama zosungidwa kuchokera ku akaunti yakubanki kupita ku akaunti ya Dwolla zitha kutumizidwa nthawi yomweyo kwa wina aliyense wogwiritsa ntchito dongosololi polemba nambala yawo ya foni, adilesi ya imelo kapena dzina la Twitter mu pulogalamu ya foni. Kuchokera pamalingaliro a wogwiritsa ntchito, kukopa kwakukulu kwa ntchitoyi ndi mtengo wotsika kwambiri wa kusamutsa, poyerekeza ndi mabanki ndi, mwachitsanzo, PayPal. Shopify, kampani yomwe imagulitsa mapulogalamu ogula pa intaneti, imapereka Dwolla ngati njira yolipira.

Zatsopano, komanso zowala kwambiri kuposa ena onse, nyenyezi mumakampani omwe akukula mwachangu - Revolut - china chake ngati phukusi la maakaunti aku banki akunja kuphatikiza ndi kirediti kadi yolipira kapena yakuthupi. Iyi si banki, koma ntchito ya gulu lodziwika ndi dzina lake (chidule). Sizikutetezedwa ndi chitsimikiziro cha depositi, kotero sikungakhale kwanzeru kusamutsa ndalama zanu pano. Komabe, tikayika ndalama zina ku Revolta, timapeza mwayi wambiri womwe zida zachikhalidwe sizimapereka.

Revolut idakhazikitsidwa ndi pulogalamu yam'manja. Anthu amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu iwiri yautumiki - yaulere komanso yowonjezeredwa ndi zina zowonjezera. Pulogalamuyi imatha kutsitsidwa kuchokera ku Google Play kapena App Store - pulogalamuyi imakonzedwa pamapulatifomu awiri akulu okha. Kulembetsa sikuyenera kuyambitsa zovuta ngakhale kwa ogwiritsa ntchito ma smartphone a novice. Muyenera kupanga mawu achinsinsi a manambala anayi omwe amafunikira kuti mugwiritse ntchito pulogalamuyi.

Titha kugwiritsanso ntchito kutsimikizira kwa biometric pogwiritsa ntchito sikani ya zala pafoni. Titatsegula akaunti, tili kale ndi chikwama chamagetsi chogawidwa mu ndalama. Ponseponse, ndalama 25 zikuthandizira pano, kuphatikiza zloty yaku Poland. Chimodzi mwazabwino zazikulu za Revolut ndikusowa kwa ma komisheni osinthana nawo komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mitengo yamisika yamabanki (palibe malire owonjezera). Ogwiritsa ntchito phukusi laulere ali ndi malire - popanda ntchito, mutha kusinthanitsa zofanana ndi PLN 20 0,5 pamwezi. zloti. Pamwamba pa malire awa, ntchito ya XNUMX% ikuwoneka.

Kulembetsa kosavuta sikufuna kutsimikizira kuti ndinu ndani. Mwachidziwitso, wogwiritsa ntchito amatha kulowetsa deta yonyenga ndikuyambitsa chikwama chamagetsi - komabe, panthawiyi, adzalandira mankhwala ochepa kwambiri. Mogwirizana ndi malamulo a EU pazochitika zamagetsi ndi kupewa kuwononga ndalama, ndalama zambiri za PLN 1 zikhoza kuperekedwa ku akaunti popanda kutsimikizira kwathunthu. zloty pa chaka.

Mutha kulipirira akaunti yanu potengera kusamutsa kubanki, kuchokera ku kirediti kadi, kudzera pa Google Pay - pogwiritsa ntchito makhadi osungidwa mu chikwama cham'manja cha Google. Ogwiritsa ntchito mtundu waulere wa Revolut amathanso kuyitanitsa Mastercard yolipiriratu kapena khadi yeniyeni (7), yomwe imawoneka nthawi yomweyo mu pulogalamuyo komanso yopangidwira kugula pa intaneti. Khadi yeniyeni imaperekedwa kwaulere.

7. Revolut khadi ndi pulogalamu

Pali makampani ambiri a fintech ndi ntchito zolipira kunja uko. Tiyeni titchule, mwachitsanzo, monga Stripe, WePay, Braintree, Skrill, Venmo, Payoneer, Payza, Zelle. Ndipo ichi ndi chiyambi chabe. Ntchito mu gawoli ikuyamba kumene.

Simukuyesa kuchuluka kwa hemoglobin

Ndalama zitha kutayika kapena kutayika tikakumana ndi mbala. Zomwezo zimagwiranso ntchito pa khadi, zomwe sizifunikira kubedwa kuti zitheke kupeza ndalama zamagetsi - ndizokwanira kuzijambula ndikuwonetseratu PIN code. Ndizothekanso kuba kapena kuthyolako foni yam'manja. Ndichifukwa chake Njira za biometric zaperekedwa ngati zida zamaukadaulo azachuma.

Ena aife tilowa kale mu mafoni athu ndi banki pa foni yamakono. zalazomwe zingagwiritsidwenso ntchito kuchotsa ndalama ku ma ATM ena. Pali mabanki oyamba komwe mungasungire zolemba timalowa ndi mawu athu. Ukadaulo wotsimikizira mawu wayesedwanso ndi Australian Revenue Service kwa zaka zinayi. Opitilira 3,6 miliyoni omwe adafunsira mayesowa afunsira, malinga ndi mneneri wa bungweli, ndipo chiwerengerochi chikuyembekezeka kupitilira 2018 miliyoni pakutha kwa 4.

Kampani yaku China Alibaba idalengeza zaka zingapo zapitazo kuti ikufuna kuyambitsa chilolezo cholipira. luso lozindikira nkhope - makamaka kuchokera ku mafoni a m'manja. Panthawi ya CeBIT, oimira Alibaba adapereka yankho ("kumwetulira kulipira").

Posachedwapa, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito nkhopeyo kulipira kuti mukwaniritse dongosolo mu mtundu waku China wa unyolo wa KFC (9). Gulu lazachuma la Alibaba Ant Financial, yemwe ndi wogulitsa ndalama mu KPro (Chinese KFC), adayambitsa mwayi woterewu mumzinda wa Hangzhou. Dongosololi limagwiritsa ntchito chithunzi chamakasitomala chojambulidwa ndi kamera ya 3D, yomwe imasungidwa mu database. Kuti asanthule zithunzi, amaganizira za malo okwana mazana asanu ndi limodzi pankhope ndi mtunda wapakati pawo. Makasitomala amangofunika kusaina pangano lokhazikika ndi Alipay pasadakhale.

9. Kutsimikizika kwa biometric kwa zochitika pogwiritsa ntchito sikani kumaso mu Chinese KFC

Ku Wuzhen, mzinda wodziwika bwino womwe alendo mamiliyoni ambiri amayendera chaka chilichonse, zakhala zotheka kupita kumalo ambiri kukawonetsa nkhope yomwe idasinthidwa kale ndikuyilumikiza ndi tikiti yolowera yomwe idagulidwa. Njira yonseyi imatenga mphindi imodzi yokha ndipo kampaniyo imati dongosololi ndi lolondola 99,7%.

Komabe, zikuwoneka kuti si njira zonse "zachikhalidwe" za biometric zomwe zili zotetezeka. Kuphatikiza apo, amakhala ndi zoopsa zina. Posachedwapa ku Malaysia, zigawenga zomwe zikufuna kuyatsa galimoto yodula yokhala ndi zolemba zala pamoto idabwera ndi lingaliro ... kuti adule chala cha mwini wake.

Choncho, nthawi zonse timayang'ana njira zotetezeka komanso zothandiza. M'gawo lazachuma, Hitachi ndi Fujitsu akhala akugwira ntchito zaka khumi zapitazi kuti azitha kugulitsa matekinoloje omwe amazindikiritsa anthu kutengera kasinthidwe mitsempha ya magazi (zisanu). Mukayika khadi la banki mu ATM, mwamsanga muwonekera pawindo lake kuti mulowetse chala chanu muzitsulo zapulasitiki. Kuwala kwapafupi ndi infrared kumaunikira mbali zonse ziwiri za chodulidwacho, ndipo kamera yomwe ili pansipa imatenga chithunzi cha mitsempha ya chala ndikuchifanizira ndi mawonekedwe ojambulidwa. Ngati pali machesi, chitsimikiziro chikuwonekera pazenera kwa sekondi imodzi, ndiye kuti mutha kuyika PIN yanu ndikupitiliza kuchitapo kanthu. Banki ya Kyoto yaku Japan idakhazikitsa pulogalamu ya biometric mu 8, ndipo mpaka pano, pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu mwamakasitomala ake mamiliyoni atatu asankha.

Mayankho amakampani awiri omwe atchulidwa pamwambapa ndi osiyana. Hitachi amatenga x-ray ya zala zake ndikujambula chithunzi kuchokera mbali inayo. Fujitsu imasonyeza kuwala kuchokera pa mkono wonse ndipo imagwiritsa ntchito sensa kuti izindikire kuwala komwe sikumatengedwa ndi mitsempha. Poyerekeza ndi njira zina zambiri za biometric, makina ojambulira mitsempha amakhala othamanga komanso olondola. Zimakhalanso zovuta kuba kuno. Ngakhale wakubayo atadula dzanja lathu kuti apusitse makina ojambulira mtsempha, akanafunikira mwanjira inayake kusunga magazi onse m’chiwalo chodulidwacho. Mwazi wokha wokhala ndi mlingo wina wa hemoglobin umatenga kuwala pafupi ndi mawonekedwe a infuraredi, pomwe owerenga amagwira ntchito.

Komabe, pali zokayikitsa zambiri za njira imeneyi. Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti makasitomala sakonda lingaliro loti banki imasunga ma ID awo a biometric mu database. Komanso, ngati ma hackers akanatha kulowa mu database iyi, kuyesa kwa biometric kutha kwamuyaya (ndi kwanthawizonse) kwa makasitomala onse omwe maakaunti awo adawukiridwa - sakanatha kupeza mitsempha yatsopano!

Kotero Hitachi adapanga dongosolo lomwe khadi la banki la kasitomala limasungiramo template ya biometric, ndipo chithunzi chojambulidwa ndi sensa mu ATM chikugwirizana ndi chithunzi pa khadi. Fujitsu amagwiritsa ntchito dongosolo lofanana. Ngati khadi labedwa, ngakhale owononga kwambiri adzapeza zovuta kupeza deta ya biometric. Izi ndichifukwa choti makhadi amakonzedwa kuti azingolandira deta kuchokera ku sensa ya ATM, osati kutumiza deta ku kompyuta yakunja.

Komabe, kodi tidzakhala ndi moyo kuti tiwone tsiku limene tingasiyiretu mabanki, ngongole, debit, sitolo, PIN makhadi, malayisensi oyendetsa galimoto komanso ngakhale ndalama zokha - pambuyo pake, ndi mitsempha yathu kapena magawo ena achilengedwe omwe adzakhala athu? zikwama?

polima ndalama

Nanga bwanji chitetezo chandalama? Funso ili limapita kwa mitundu yonse ya iwo, kuchokera ku ndalama zakale kupita ku zidule zachikwama zobisika zolembedwa pa nkhope yonse.

Malingana ngati ndalama zamapepala zinali kulamuliridwa, kupangidwa kwa njira zotetezera ndalama za banki kunathandiza kwambiri paukadaulo wandalama. Mapangidwe a banknote palokha - mlingo wa zovuta zake, ntchito zambiri mwatsatanetsatane, zosiyanasiyana, chothandizira ndi olowerera zithunzi ndi mtundu zinthu, etc., ndi chimodzi mwa zoyamba, zotchinga waukulu zotheka chinyengo.

Pepala palokha ndi chinthu choteteza - khalidwe labwino kwambiri, lomwe ndi lofunika kwambiri osati chifukwa cha kukhazikika kwa ndalama za banki ndi zabodza, komanso kuti ziwopsezo za zipembedzo zipite kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana zamakono pakupanga. Dziwani kuti m'dziko lathu, pepala la thonje la banknotes limapangidwa ku fakitale yapadera yamapepala ya Polish Security Printing House.

Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ikugwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano. zizindikiro za madzi - kuchokera ku monochromatic, ndi chizindikiro chopepuka kapena chakuda kuposa pepala, kupyolera mu filigree ndi mitundu iwiri, kupita kumitundu yambiri ndi zotsatira za kusintha kosalala kuchokera ku kuwala mpaka kumdima kwambiri.

Mayankho ena omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi awa ulusi woteteza, ophatikizidwa mu kapangidwe ka pepala, kuwoneka masana, ultraviolet kapena kuwala kwa infrared, ulusi wotetezera womwe ukhoza kupangidwa ndi zitsulo, utoto, kuwala mu kuwala kwa UV, ukhoza kusindikizidwa, uli ndi madera a maginito, ndi zina zotero. kutetezedwa ndi mankhwala, kotero kuti kuyesa kulikonse kochizira ndi mankhwala kumapangitsa kupanga madontho omveka bwino komanso osatha.

Kuonjezeranso kusokoneza ntchito ya onyenga, ndondomeko yovuta yosindikizira ndalama za banki, pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zosindikizira mabuku. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, zowonjezera zowonjezera zowonjezera zimayambitsidwa, mwachitsanzo, zotsutsana ndi zolemba zomwe zimakhala ndi mizere yopyapyala kwambiri, kusintha kwamtundu wosalala mu banknote panthawi yosindikizira, zinthu zomwe zimasindikizidwa kumbali zonse za banknote, zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa pamodzi pamene kuwonedwa mbali ina. kuwala, ma microprints zoipa ndi zabwino, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya inki yapadera, kuphatikizapo inki zobisika zomwe zimawala pansi pa zochitika za UV.

Njira yojambulira zitsulo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti ipeze zotsatira za kuphulika kwa zinthu zapawokha pamapepala. Njira yosindikizira ya letterpress imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupatsa ndalama iliyonse nambala yosiyana. Kuphatikiza apo, imagwiritsidwa ntchito popereka chitetezo chamaso (monga ma holograms).

Bungwe la National Bank of Poland lomwe tatchulalo limagwiritsa ntchito njira zambiri zomwe zili pamwambazi, koma malingaliro atsopano akutuluka nthawi zonse padziko lapansi. Osachepera konkriti anamvetsa kunyamuka kwa pepala. Mu Seputembala 2017, kusinthidwa kwa mapepala a mapaundi khumi kukhala mapepala a polima (khumi). Opaleshoni yofananira yamapaundi 10 idachitika kumeneko kuyambira Seputembara 5 mpaka Meyi 2016.

10. Polima dzenje nkhonya kwa mabowo khumi

Ndalama za polima zimagonjetsedwa ndi zowonongeka kuposa ndalama zamapepala. Bank of England inanena kuti moyo wawo wautumiki ndi wautali kuwirikiza ka 2,5. Iwo samataya kalikonse mu maonekedwe awo ngakhale atatsuka mu makina ochapira. Amakhalanso, malinga ndi woperekayo, chitetezo chabwinoko kuposa omwe amatsogolera mapepala.

quantum ndalama

Ngakhale kukakamizidwa kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zamagetsi, njira zatsopano zotetezera ndalama zikupangidwabe. Akatswiri ena a sayansi ya zakuthambo amanena kuti, mosasamala kanthu za mtundu wa ndalama, ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa izi. njira za quantum. Scott Aaronson, wasayansi ku Massachusetts Institute of Technology, adapereka zomwe zimatchedwa quantum ndalama - Mlengi woyamba anali Steven Wiesner, kumbuyo mu 1969. Malinga ndi lingaliro lake panthawiyo, mabanki amayenera "kulemba" mafotoni zana limodzi kapena kuposerapo pamapepala aliwonse (11). Ngakhale zaka makumi asanu zapitazo, kapena tsopano, palibe amene ali ndi lingaliro la momwe angachitire. Komabe, lingaliro loteteza ndalama ndi polarized photon watermark likadali lochititsa chidwi.

Pozindikira ndalama za banki kapena ndalama mwanjira ina, banki imayang'ana chinthu chimodzi chokha cha chithunzi chilichonse (mwachitsanzo, polarization yake yoyima kapena yopingasa), kusiya ena onse osayezedwa. Chifukwa cha lamulo loletsa kupanga ma cloning, sikungakhale kosatheka kwa munthu wongopeka kapena wowononga zinthu kuti ayeze makhalidwe onse a photon iliyonse kuti apange kope kapena kusunga ndalama zoterezi mu akaunti yake. Sikadathanso kuyeza gawo limodzi la chithunzi chilichonse, chifukwa ndi banki yokha yomwe ingadziwe zomwe zidali. Njira yachitetezoyi ikuwonekanso kuti ndi yotetezeka kuposa kubisa komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito mu cryptocurrencies.

Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti chitsanzo ichi kubisa kwachinsinsi. Mpaka pano, banki yokhayo yomwe ikupereka ndi yomwe ingavomereze kuperekedwa kwa mabanki pamsika, pomwe ndalama za Aaronsson quantum, zomwe aliyense angayang'ane, zimakhala zoyenera. Izi zingafune makiyi agulu omwe ali otetezeka kwambiri kuposa omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito pano. Sitikudziwabe momwe tingakwaniritsire kukhazikika kwa mayiko a quantum. Ndipo zikuwonekeratu kuti palibe amene amafunikira chikwama chomwe nthawi zina chimangochitika mwadzidzidzi "decoherence" ...

Choncho, masomphenya ofika patali kwambiri a tsogolo la ndalama amaperekedwa mu mawonekedwe a chikwama cha biometric pogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe athu a nkhope kapena zinthu zina zamoyo, zomwe sizingasokonezedwe chifukwa zimatetezedwa ndi njira za quantum encryption. Izi zitha kumveka ngati zosamveka, koma ndi bwino kukumbukira kuti kuyambira pomwe tidachoka pazamalonda, ndalama zakhala zopanda phindu. Kodi sizingakhale, komabe, kwa wina aliyense wa ife kufotokoza momveka kuti tilibe.