Ndipo kuphatikiza?

Malipoti kumapeto kwa chaka chatha okhudza kumangidwa kwa riyakitala yopangira kaphatikizidwe ndi akatswiri aku China adamveka ngati osangalatsa (1). Atolankhani aku China adanenanso kuti malo a HL-2M, omwe ali pamalo opangira kafukufuku ku Chengdu, ayamba kugwira ntchito mu 2020. Kamvekedwe ka malipoti atolankhani adawonetsa kuti nkhani yofikira mphamvu yosatha ya kuphatikiza kwa thermonuclear idathetsedwa kwamuyaya.

Kuyang'anitsitsa mwatsatanetsatane kumathandiza kuchepetsa chiyembekezo.

yatsopano zida zamtundu wa tokamak, yokhala ndi mapangidwe apamwamba kwambiri kuposa omwe akudziwika mpaka pano, ayenera kupanga madzi a m'magazi omwe ali ndi kutentha kuposa madigiri 200 miliyoni. Izi zidalengezedwa m'mawu atolankhani ndi wamkulu wa Southwestern Institute of Physics of the China National Nuclear Corporation Duan Xiuru. Chipangizocho chidzapereka chithandizo chaukadaulo kwa aku China omwe akugwira ntchitoyo International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER)komanso kumanga.

Chifukwa chake ndikuganiza kuti sichinasinthe mphamvu, ngakhale idapangidwa ndi achi China. riyakitala KhL-2M mpaka pano zikudziwika zochepa. Sitikudziwa kuti kutentha kwa nyukiliyayi ndi chiyani kapena kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe zimafunikira kuti zitheke kuphatikizika kwa nyukiliya mmenemo. Sitikudziwa chofunikira kwambiri - ngati cholumikizira cha China chophatikizana ndi chopangidwa chokhala ndi mphamvu zabwino, kapena ndi njira ina yoyesera yolumikizira yomwe imalola kuphatikizika, koma nthawi yomweyo imafunikira mphamvu zambiri " kuyatsa” kuposa mphamvu yomwe ingapezeke ngati zotsatira zake.

Khama la mayiko

China, pamodzi ndi European Union, United States, India, Japan, South Korea ndi Russia, ndi mamembala a pulogalamu ya ITER. Izi ndiye zokwera mtengo kwambiri pamafukufuku apano padziko lonse lapansi omwe athandizidwa ndi mayiko omwe tawatchulawa, omwe amawononga pafupifupi US$20 biliyoni. Inatsegulidwa chifukwa cha mgwirizano pakati pa maboma a Mikhail Gorbachev ndi Ronald Reagan panthawi ya Cold War, ndipo zaka zambiri pambuyo pake adaphatikizidwa mu mgwirizano womwe mayiko onsewa adasaina mu 2006.

2. Pamalo omanga a ITER tokamak

Ntchito ya ITER ku Cadarache kum'mwera kwa France (2) ikupanga tokamak yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, ndiko kuti, chipinda cha plasma chomwe chiyenera kusinthidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya maginito yopangidwa ndi maginito amagetsi. Izi zidapangidwa ndi Soviet Union m'ma 50s ndi 60s. Woyang'anira ntchito, Lavan Koblenz, adalengeza kuti bungwe liyenera kulandira "plasma yoyamba" pofika December 2025. ITER iyenera kuthandizira kusintha kwa thermonuclear kwa anthu pafupifupi 1 zikwi nthawi iliyonse. masekondi, kupeza mphamvu 500-1100 MW. Poyerekeza, tokamak yayikulu kwambiri yaku Britain mpaka pano, kwakusiyana (joint European torus), imasunga zomwe zikuchitika kwa masekondi makumi angapo ndikupeza mphamvu mpaka 16 MW. Mphamvu mu riyakitala iyi idzatulutsidwa ngati kutentha - sikuyenera kusinthidwa kukhala magetsi. Kupereka mphamvu zophatikizira ku gululi sikuli kofunikira chifukwa pulojekitiyi ndi yofufuza zokha. Ndi pamaziko a ITER kuti m'badwo wamtsogolo wa ma reactor a thermonuclear udzamangidwa, kufikira mphamvu. 3-4 zikwi. MW.

Chifukwa chachikulu chomwe magetsi amaphatikizidwira kulibe (ngakhale zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi za kafukufuku wambiri komanso wokwera mtengo) ndizovuta kulamulira ndi "kuwongolera" khalidwe la plasma. Komabe, zaka zoyeserera zatulukira zinthu zambiri zamtengo wapatali, ndipo masiku ano mphamvu ya fusion ikuwoneka yayandikira kwambiri kuposa kale lonse.

Onjezani helium-3, yambitsani ndi kutentha

ITER ndiye cholinga chachikulu pakufufuza kwapadziko lonse lapansi, koma malo ambiri ofufuza, makampani ndi malo opangira zankhondo akugwiranso ntchito pama projekiti ena ophatikizika omwe amapatuka panjira yakale.

Mwachitsanzo, anachita m'zaka zaposachedwapa kuchokera ku Massachusetts Institute of Technology zoyesera ndi Helem-3 pa tokamak anapereka zotsatira zosangalatsa, kuphatikizapo kuwonjezeka kakhumi kwa mphamvu plasma ion. Asayansi akuyesa kuyesa kwa C-Mod tokamak ku Massachusetts Institute of Technology, pamodzi ndi akatswiri ochokera ku Belgium ndi UK, apanga mtundu watsopano wamafuta a nyukiliya okhala ndi mitundu itatu ya ayoni. Gulu Alcatel C-Mod (3) adachita kafukufuku mmbuyo mu September 2016, koma deta yochokera ku mayeserowa yangowunikidwa posachedwapa, ikuwonetsa kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa mphamvu ya plasma. Zotsatira zake zinali zolimbikitsa kwambiri kotero kuti asayansi omwe akuyendetsa labotale yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ya JET ku UK, adaganiza zobwereza kuyesako. Kuwonjezeka komweko kwa mphamvu kunapezedwa. Zotsatira za phunziroli zimasindikizidwa mu nyuzipepala ya Nature Physics.

3. Tokamak Alcator C-Mod ikugwira ntchito

Chinsinsi chowonjezera mphamvu yamafuta a nyukiliya chinali kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa helium-3, isotopu yokhazikika ya helium, yokhala ndi neutroni imodzi m'malo mwa ziwiri. Mafuta a nyukiliya omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu njira ya Alcator C kale anali ndi mitundu iwiri yokha ya ayoni, deuterium ndi hydrogen. Deuterium, isotopu yokhazikika ya haidrojeni yokhala ndi nyutroni m'kati mwake (mosiyana ndi haidrojeni yopanda neutroni), imapanga pafupifupi 95% yamafuta. Asayansi ku Plasma Research Center ndi Massachusetts Institute of Technology (PSFC) adagwiritsa ntchito njira yotchedwa Kutentha kwa RF. Tinyanga pafupi ndi tokamak amagwiritsa ntchito mawailesi apadera kuti asangalatse tinthu tating'onoting'ono, ndipo mafunde amasinthidwa kuti "afune" ma ion a haidrojeni. Chifukwa chakuti hydrogen imapanga kachigawo kakang'ono kwambiri ka mphamvu zonse zamafuta, kuyika kachigawo kakang'ono ka ayoni pakutenthetsa kumapangitsa kuti mphamvu yochulukirapo ifike. Komanso, analimbikitsa haidrojeni ayoni kupita ku deuterium ayoni wopambana mu osakaniza, ndi particles anapanga motere kulowa kunja chipolopolo cha riyakitala, kumasula kutentha.

Kuchita bwino kwa njirayi kumawonjezeka pamene ma ion a helium-3 akuwonjezeredwa kusakaniza ndi osachepera 1%. Poyang'ana kutentha kwa wailesi pa helium-3 pang'ono, asayansi adakweza mphamvu ya ma ion ku megaelectronvolts (MeV).

Kubwera koyamba - kutumikiridwa koyamba Zofanana mu Chirasha: Kudya mlendo mochedwa ndi fupa

Pakhala pali zochitika zambiri padziko lapansi za ntchito yosakanikirana yoyendetsedwa m'zaka zingapo zapitazi zomwe zatsitsimutsa chiyembekezo cha asayansi ndi tonsefe kuti tifike ku "Grail Woyera" ya mphamvu.

Zizindikiro zabwino zikuphatikiza, mwa zina, zopezedwa kuchokera ku Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) ya US Department of Energy (DOE). Mafunde a wailesi akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito mopambana kwambiri kuti achepetse kwambiri zomwe zimatchedwa plasma perturbations, zomwe zingakhale zofunika kwambiri pakupanga "kuvala" machitidwe a thermonuclear. Gulu lofufuza lomwelo mu Marichi 2019 lidanenanso kuyesa kwa lithiamu tokamak momwe makoma amkati a choyeserera adakutidwa ndi lithiamu, chinthu chomwe chimadziwika bwino ndi mabatire omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamagetsi. Asayansi adawona kuti lifiyamu yomwe ili pamakoma a riyakitala imatenga tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta plasma, kuwalepheretsa kuwonekeranso kumtambo wa plasma ndikusokoneza machitidwe a thermonuclear.

4. Kuwona polojekiti ya TAE Technologies

Akatswiri ochokera m'mabungwe akuluakulu odziwika bwino asayansi afika poganiza kuti zinthu zidzayenda bwino m'mawu awo. Posachedwapa, pakhalanso chiwonjezeko chachikulu cha chidwi cha njira zophatikizira zoyendetsedwa m'magulu achinsinsi. Mu 2018, Lockheed Martin adalengeza za pulani yopangira mawonekedwe a compact fusion reactor (CFR) mkati mwazaka khumi zikubwerazi. Ngati teknoloji yomwe kampaniyo ikugwira ntchito, chipangizo chamtundu wa galimoto chidzatha kupereka magetsi okwanira kuti akwaniritse zosowa za chipangizo cha 100-square-foot. okhala mumzinda.

Makampani ena ndi malo ofufuzira akupikisana kuti awone yemwe angapange cholumikizira chenicheni choyamba, kuphatikiza TAE Technologies ndi Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Ngakhale a Jeff Bezos aku Amazon ndi a Bill Gates a Microsoft atenga nawo gawo posachedwa pantchito zophatikiza. NBC News posachedwa idawerengera makampani ang'onoang'ono khumi ndi asanu ndi awiri okha ku US. Oyambitsa ngati General Fusion kapena Commonwealth Fusion Systems akuyang'ana kwambiri ma reactor ang'onoang'ono kutengera akatswiri apamwamba kwambiri.

Lingaliro la "kusakanikirana kozizira" ndi njira zina zopangira makina akuluakulu, osati tokamaks okha, komanso otchedwa. nyenyezi, ndi mapangidwe osiyana pang'ono, omangidwa kuphatikiza ku Germany. Kufunafuna njira yosiyana kumapitilirabe. Chitsanzo cha izi ndi chipangizo chotchedwa Z-zina, yomangidwa ndi asayansi ochokera ku yunivesite ya Washington ndipo inafotokozedwa mu imodzi mwa nkhani zaposachedwa kwambiri za nyuzipepala ya Physics World. Z-pinch imagwira ntchito potsekera ndi kukanikiza plasma mu mphamvu ya maginito. Pakuyesaku, kunali kotheka kukhazikika kwa plasma kwa ma microseconds 16, ndipo machitidwe ophatikizika adapitilira pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a nthawiyi. Chiwonetserocho chimayenera kusonyeza kuti kaphatikizidwe kakang'ono ndikotheka, ngakhale asayansi ambiri akadali ndi chikaiko chachikulu pa izi.

Komanso, chifukwa cha thandizo la Google ndi osunga ndalama zaukadaulo wapamwamba, kampani yaku California ya TAE Technologies imagwiritsa ntchito zosiyana, kuposa zomwe zimayesa kuyesa kuphatikizika, boron mafuta osakaniza, zomwe zinagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma reactors ang'onoang'ono komanso otsika mtengo, poyambirira ndi cholinga cha injini yotchedwa fusion rocket engine. A prototype cylindrical fusion reactor (4) yokhala ndi matabwa (CBFR), omwe amatenthetsa mpweya wa haidrojeni kuti apange mphete ziwiri za plasma. Amaphatikizana ndi mitolo ya tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndipo amasungidwa mumkhalidwe wotero, womwe uyenera kuwonjezera mphamvu ndi kukhazikika kwa plasma.

Kuyambitsanso kuphatikizika kwina kwa General Fusion kuchokera ku chigawo cha Canada ku British Columbia amasangalala ndi chithandizo cha Jeff Bezos mwiniwake. Mwachidule, lingaliro lake ndikulowetsa plasma yotentha mu mpira wazitsulo zamadzimadzi (kusakaniza kwa lithiamu ndi lead) mkati mwa mpira wachitsulo, pambuyo pake plasma imakanizidwa ndi pistoni, mofanana ndi injini ya dizilo. Kupanikizika komwe kumapangidwa kuyenera kutsogolera kuphatikizika, komwe kumatulutsa mphamvu zambiri zopangira magetsi amtundu watsopano wamagetsi. Mike Delage, wamkulu waukadaulo ku General Fusion, akuti kuphatikizika kwanyukiliya kwazamalonda kumatha kutha zaka khumi.

5. Chithunzi chochokera ku US Navy thermonuclear patent.

Posachedwapa, US Navy adaperekanso chilolezo cha "chipangizo cha plasma fusion." Patent imakamba za maginito kuti apange "kugwedeza kwachangu" (5). Lingaliro ndikumanga ma fusion reactor ang'onoang'ono kuti athe kunyamula. Mosakayikira, kugwiritsa ntchito patent kumeneku kudakumana ndi zokayikitsa.