5G ya dziko lanzeru

Anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti kusintha kwenikweni kwa intaneti ya Zinthu kudzayamba chifukwa cha kutchuka kwa intaneti ya m'badwo wachisanu. Netiweki iyi idzapangidwabe, koma bizinesi siyikuyang'ana pano ndikuyambitsa zida za IoT.

Akatswiri amayembekeza kuti 5G sikhala chisinthiko, koma kusintha kwathunthu kwaukadaulo wam'manja. Izi ziyenera kusintha makampani onse okhudzana ndi kuyankhulana kwamtunduwu. Mu February 2017, pamsonkhano wa Mobile World Congress ku Barcelona, ​​​​ nthumwi ya Deutsche Telekom adanena kuti chifukwa cha mafoni a m'manja sadzatha kukhalapo. Zikadziwika, tidzakhala pa intaneti nthawi zonse, ndi pafupifupi chilichonse chomwe chatizungulira. Ndipo kutengera gawo la msika lomwe lidzagwiritse ntchito ukadaulo uwu (telemedicine, kuyimba mawu, nsanja zamasewera, kusakatula pa intaneti), maukonde azichita mosiyana.

Kuthamanga kwa 5G network poyerekeza ndi mayankho am'mbuyomu

Panthawi ya MWC yomweyi, ntchito zoyamba zamalonda za 5G network zidawonetsedwa - ngakhale mawuwa amadzutsa kukayikira, chifukwa sichidziwikabe chomwe chidzakhala. Zongoganizirazi sizigwirizana kotheratu. Magwero ena amati 5G ikuyembekezeka kupereka kuthamanga kwa ma megabits masauzande pa sekondi imodzi kwa ogwiritsa ntchito masauzande ambiri nthawi imodzi. Mafotokozedwe oyambilira a 5G, omwe adalengezedwa miyezi ingapo yapitayo ndi International Telecommunication Union (ITU), akuwonetsa kuti kuchedwa sikudutsa 4 ms. Deta iyenera kutsitsidwa pa 20 Gbps ndikuyika pa 10 Gbps. Tikudziwa kuti ITU ikufuna kulengeza mtundu womaliza wa netiweki yatsopano kugwa uku. Aliyense amavomereza pa chinthu chimodzi - maukonde a 5G ayenera kulumikiza opanda zingwe mazana masauzande mazana a masensa, omwe ndi ofunikira pa intaneti ya zinthu ndi ntchito zopezeka paliponse.

Makampani otsogola monga AT&T, NTT DOCOMO, SK Telecom, Vodafone, LG Electronic, Sprint, Huawei, ZTE, Qualcomm, Intel, ndi ena ambiri afotokozera momveka bwino thandizo lawo pakufulumizitsa nthawi yokhazikika ya 5G. Onse ogwira nawo ntchito akufuna kuyamba kugulitsa lingaliro ili kumayambiriro kwa 2019. Kumbali ina, European Union idalengeza za dongosolo la 5G PPP () kuti lidziwe momwe chitukuko cha ma network a m'badwo wotsatira. Pofika chaka cha 2020, mayiko a EU akuyenera kumasula ma frequency a 700 MHz omwe amasungidwa mulingo uwu.

Network ya 5G ndi mphatso yaukadaulo watsopano

Zinthu zokha sizifuna 5G

Malinga ndi Ericsson, kumapeto kwa chaka chatha, zida za 5,6 biliyoni zinali zikugwira ntchito ku (, IoT). Mwa awa, ndi 400 miliyoni okha omwe amagwira ntchito ndi maukonde am'manja, ndipo ena onse anali ndi maukonde afupipafupi monga Wi-Fi, Bluetooth kapena ZigBee.

Kukula kwenikweni kwa intaneti ya Zinthu nthawi zambiri kumalumikizidwa ndi maukonde a 5G. Kugwiritsa ntchito koyamba kwa matekinoloje atsopano, koyambirira mu bizinesi, kumatha kuwoneka zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu. Komabe, titha kuyembekezera kupeza maukonde am'badwo wotsatira kwa makasitomala pawokha pasanathe 2025. Ubwino waukadaulo wa 5G, mwa zina, ndi kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito miliyoni miliyoni zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa pamalo a kilomita lalikulu. Zingawoneke ngati nambala yayikulu, koma ngati mungaganizire zomwe masomphenya a IoT akunena mizinda yanzerumomwe, kuwonjezera pa zomangamanga zam'tawuni, magalimoto (kuphatikiza magalimoto odziyimira pawokha) ndi nyumba (nyumba zanzeru) ndi zida zamaofesi zimalumikizidwa, komanso, mwachitsanzo, masitolo ndi katundu wosungidwa momwemo, miliyoni iyi pa kilomita imodzi imasiya kuwoneka choncho. chachikulu. Makamaka pakati pa mzinda kapena madera omwe ali ndi maofesi ambiri.

Dziwani, komabe, kuti zida zambiri zolumikizidwa ndi netiweki ndi masensa omwe amayikidwa pa iwo safuna kuthamanga kwambiri, chifukwa amatumiza magawo ang'onoang'ono a data. Intaneti yothamanga kwambiri sikufunika ndi ATM kapena malo olipira. Sikoyenera kukhala ndi utsi ndi kutentha kwa sensor mu chitetezo, kudziwitsa, mwachitsanzo, wopanga ayisikilimu za zomwe zili mufiriji m'masitolo. Kuthamanga kwambiri komanso kutsika kochepa sikofunikira pakuwunika ndi kuyang'anira kuyatsa kwa mumsewu, potumiza deta kuchokera kumagetsi ndi mita yamadzi, kuwongolera kutali pogwiritsa ntchito foni yamakono ya zida zapakhomo zolumikizidwa ndi IoT, kapena mumayendedwe.

Masiku ano, ngakhale tili ndi ukadaulo wa LTE, womwe umatilola kutumiza ma data makumi angapo kapena mazana angapo pa sekondi iliyonse pamanetiweki am'manja, gawo lalikulu la zida zomwe zikugwirabe ntchito pa intaneti ya zinthu zomwe zikugwiritsabe ntchito. Ma network a 2G,ndi. wakhala akugulitsidwa kuyambira 1991. GSM muyezo.

Pofuna kuthana ndi mtengo wamtengo wapatali womwe umalepheretsa makampani ambiri kugwiritsa ntchito IoT pazochitika zawo zamakono ndipo motero amachepetsa chitukuko chake, matekinoloje apangidwa kuti apange maukonde opangidwa kuti azithandizira zipangizo zomwe zimatumiza mapaketi ang'onoang'ono a data. Maukondewa amagwiritsa ntchito ma frequency omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi oyendetsa mafoni ndi gulu lopanda chilolezo. Tekinoloje monga LTE-M ndi NB-IoT (yomwe imatchedwanso NB-LTE) imagwira ntchito mu gulu logwiritsidwa ntchito ndi maukonde a LTE, pomwe EC-GSM-IoT (yomwe imatchedwanso EC-EGPRS) imagwiritsa ntchito gulu logwiritsidwa ntchito ndi maukonde a 2G. Pagulu lopanda chilolezo, mutha kusankha mayankho ngati LoRa, Sigfox, ndi RPMA.

Zonse zomwe zili pamwambazi zimapereka zambiri ndipo zimapangidwira m'njira yoti zipangizo zomaliza zimakhala zotsika mtengo komanso zimawononga mphamvu zochepa momwe zingathere, motero zimagwira ntchito popanda kusintha batri ngakhale kwa zaka zingapo. Chifukwa chake dzina lawo lonse - (kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa, kutalika kwakutali). Manetiweki a LPWA omwe akugwira ntchito m'magawo omwe akupezeka kwa ogwiritsira ntchito mafoni amafunikira pulogalamu yosinthidwa yokha. Kupanga maukonde amalonda a LPWA kumawonedwa ndi makampani ofufuza a Gartner ndi Ovum ngati chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pakukula kwa IoT.

Othandizira amagwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje osiyanasiyana. Dutch KPN, yomwe idakhazikitsa network yake yapadziko lonse chaka chatha, yasankha LoRa ndipo ili ndi chidwi ndi LTE-M. Gulu la Vodafone lasankha NB-IoT - chaka chino lidayamba kupanga maukonde ku Spain, ndipo lili ndi mapulani omanga maukonde otere ku Germany, Ireland ndi Spain. Deutsche Telekom yasankha NB-IoT ndipo imalengeza kuti maukonde ake adzakhazikitsidwa m'mayiko asanu ndi atatu, kuphatikizapo Poland. Spanish Telefonica idasankha Sigfox ndi NB-IoT. Orange ku France idayamba kupanga netiweki ya LoRa kenako idalengeza kuti iyamba kutulutsa maukonde a LTE-M kuchokera ku Spain ndi Belgium m'maiko omwe amagwira ntchito, ndipo mwinanso ku Poland.

Kumanga kwa netiweki ya LPWA kungatanthauze kuti chitukuko cha chilengedwe cha IoT chidzayamba mwachangu kuposa maukonde a 5G. Kukula kwa imodzi sikupatula ina, chifukwa matekinoloje onsewa ndi ofunikira pagulu lanzeru lamtsogolo.

Malumikizidwe opanda zingwe a 5G mwina angafunike zambiri mphamvu. Kuphatikiza pa magawo omwe tawatchulawa, njira yosungira mphamvu pamlingo wa zida zapayekha iyenera kukhazikitsidwa chaka chatha. Pulogalamu yapaintaneti ya Bluetooth. Idzagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi maukonde a mababu anzeru, zokhoma, masensa, etc. Ukadaulo umakulolani kuti mulumikizane ndi zida za IoT molunjika kuchokera pa msakatuli kapena tsamba lawebusayiti popanda kufunikira kwa mapulogalamu apadera.

Kuwona ukadaulo wa Web Bluetooth

5G kale

Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti makampani ena akhala akutsatira ukadaulo wa 5G kwazaka zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, Samsung yakhala ikugwira ntchito pamayankho ake a 5G kuyambira 2011. Panthawi imeneyi, zinali zotheka kukwaniritsa kufala kwa 1,2 Gb / s mu galimoto ikuyenda pa liwiro la 110 Km / h. ndi 7,5 Gbps kwa wolandira woyimirira.

Kuphatikiza apo, maukonde oyesera a 5G alipo kale ndipo adapangidwa mogwirizana ndi makampani osiyanasiyana. Komabe, pakadali pano kudakali koyambirira kwambiri kuti tilankhule za kukhazikitsidwa kwapadziko lonse lapansi kwatsopano. Ericsson akuyesa ku Sweden ndi Japan, koma zida zazing'ono zogula zomwe zidzagwire ntchito ndi muyezo watsopano zidakali kutali. Mu 2018, mogwirizana ndi woyendetsa Swedish TeliaSonera, kampaniyo idzayambitsa malonda oyambirira a 5G ku Stockholm ndi Tallinn. Poyamba zidzatero ma network, ndipo tidzayenera kudikirira mpaka 5 "kukula kwathunthu" 2020G. Ericsson ngakhale foni yoyamba ya 5G. Mwina mawu oti "telefoni" ndi mawu olakwika. Chipangizocho chimalemera makilogalamu 150 ndipo muyenera kuyenda nacho mu basi yaikulu yokhala ndi zida zoyezera.

Mwezi watha wa Okutobala, nkhani za kuwonekera kwa netiweki ya 5G zidachokera kutali ku Australia. Komabe, malipoti amtunduwu ayenera kuyandidwa ndi mtunda - mumadziwa bwanji, popanda muyezo wa 5G ndi tsatanetsatane, kuti ntchito ya m'badwo wachisanu yakhazikitsidwa? Izi zikuyenera kusintha mukangogwirizana. Ngati zonse zikuyenda molingana ndi dongosolo, maukonde okhazikika a 5G adzawonekera koyamba pa Masewera a Olimpiki Ozizira a 2018 ku South Korea.

Mafunde a millimeter ndi ma cell ang'onoang'ono

Kugwiritsa ntchito maukonde a 5G kumadalira matekinoloje angapo ofunikira.

Base station yopangidwa ndi Samsung

Yoyamba millimeter wave kugwirizana. Zida zochulukirachulukira zikulumikizana wina ndi mnzake kapena pa intaneti pogwiritsa ntchito mawayilesi ofanana. Izi zimapangitsa kutayika kwa liwiro komanso zovuta zokhazikika. Yankho likhoza kukhala kusintha kwa mafunde a millimeter, i.e. pafupipafupi 30-300 GHz. Pakali pano amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka mu satellite communications ndi radio astronomy, koma malire awo akuluakulu akhala akufupikitsa. Mtundu watsopano wa antenna umathetsa vutoli, ndipo chitukuko cha teknolojiyi chikupitirirabe.

Zamakono ndi mzati wachiwiri wa m'badwo wachisanu. Asayansi akudzitamandira kuti amatha kale kutumiza deta pogwiritsa ntchito mafunde a millimeter pamtunda wa mamita oposa 200. Ndipo kwenikweni mamita 200-250 m'mizinda ikuluikulu pangakhale, mwachitsanzo, malo ang'onoang'ono omwe ali ndi mphamvu zochepa kwambiri. Komabe, m’madera amene muli anthu ochepa, “maselo ang’onoang’ono” sagwira ntchito bwino.

Izi ziyenera kuthandiza ndi nkhani yomwe ili pamwambayi Tekinoloje ya MIMO m'badwo watsopano. MIMO ndi yankho lomwe limagwiritsidwanso ntchito muyeso la 4G lomwe lingathe kuwonjezera mphamvu ya intaneti yopanda zingwe. Chinsinsi chake ndi kufalitsa kwa tinyanga tambirimbiri kumbali zotumizira ndi kulandira. Masiteshoni am'badwo wotsatira amatha kugwira madoko kasanu ndi katatu kuposa lero kuti atumize ndi kulandira deta nthawi imodzi. Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa ma network kumawonjezeka ndi 22%.

Njira ina yofunikira ya 5G ndi yakuti "kuwala“. Ndi njira yopangira ma siginecha kuti deta iperekedwe kwa wogwiritsa ntchito panjira yoyenera. imathandiza mafunde a millimeter kufika pa chipangizocho mumtengo wokhazikika m'malo modutsa njira zonse. Choncho, mphamvu ya chizindikiro imawonjezeka ndipo kusokoneza kumachepetsedwa.

Chinthu chachisanu cha m'badwo wachisanu chiyenera kukhala chotchedwa duplex yonse. Duplex ndi kufala kwa njira ziwiri, mwachitsanzo, momwe kutumiza ndi kulandira chidziwitso kumatheka mbali zonse ziwiri. Full duplex zikutanthauza kuti deta imafalitsidwa popanda kusokoneza kufalitsa. Yankho ili likukonzedwa nthawi zonse kuti mukwaniritse magawo abwino kwambiri.

 

M'badwo wachisanu ndi chimodzi?

Komabe, ma lab akugwira kale ntchito mwachangu kuposa 5G - ngakhale kachiwiri, sitikudziwa chomwe m'badwo wachisanu uli. Asayansi aku Japan akupanga mtsogolo kufalitsa kwa data opanda zingwe, titero, mtundu wotsatira, wachisanu ndi chimodzi. Zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito ma frequency kuchokera ku 300 GHz kupita kumtunda, ndipo liwiro lomwe lingapezeke lidzakhala 105 Gb / s panjira iliyonse. Kafukufuku ndi chitukuko cha matekinoloje atsopano akhala akuchitika kwa zaka zingapo. Novembala watha, 500 Gb/s idapezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito gulu la 34 GHz terahertz, kenako 160 Gb/s pogwiritsa ntchito transmitter mu bandi ya 300-500 GHz (matchanelo asanu ndi atatu osinthidwa pafupipafupi 25 GHz). ) - ndiko kuti, zotsatira zake nthawi zambiri kuposa zomwe zikuyembekezeredwa pa intaneti ya 5G. Kupambana kwaposachedwa ndi ntchito ya gulu la asayansi ochokera ku yunivesite ya Hiroshima ndi ogwira ntchito ku Panasonic nthawi yomweyo. Zambiri zaukadaulo zidayikidwa patsamba la yunivesiteyo, malingaliro ndi makina a network ya terahertz zidaperekedwa mu February 2017 pamsonkhano wa ISSCC ku San Francisco.

Monga mukudziwira, kuwonjezeka kwa mafupipafupi a ntchito sikumangopangitsa kusamutsa deta mofulumira, komanso kumachepetsanso kuchuluka kwa chizindikiro, komanso kumawonjezera kusokonezeka kwa mitundu yonse ya zosokoneza. Izi zikutanthauza kuti m'pofunika kumanga zomangamanga mwachilungamo zovuta ndi wandiweyani anagawira.

Ndizofunikiranso kudziwa kuti zosintha - monga netiweki ya 2020G yokonzekera 5 kenako netiweki ya terahertz yachangu kwambiri - zikutanthauza kuti zida mamiliyoni ambiri zikuyenera kusinthidwa ndikusinthidwa kuti zigwirizane ndi miyezo yatsopano. Izi zikuyenera…zichepetsa kwambiri kusintha ndikupangitsa kuti kusintha komwe kukufuna kukhale kosinthika.

Kuti apitirize Nambala yamutu m'magazini atsopano a mwezi uliwonse.