Kuyendetsa kwa zaka 20 Toyota Prius: momwe zidachitikira

Mndandanda wokhudza njira ya titanic yoyendetsedwa ndi mtundu waku Japan ndi ma hybridi omwe akwaniritsidwa

Mu February 2017, kugulitsa kwamtundu wosakanizidwa kwa Toyota kudafika 10 miliyoni, ndipo miliyoni yomaliza idakwaniritsidwa miyezi isanu ndi inayi yokha. Iyi ndi nkhani yokhudzana ndi mzimu woona, khama, kutsata maloto ndi zolinga, hybrids ndi kuthekera komwe kuli mgwirizanowu.

Kumapeto kwa 1995, miyezi isanu ndi umodzi kuchokera pomwe Toyota yemwe anali ndi udindo adatenga kuwala kobiriwira pantchito yamagalimoto osakanizidwa, ndipo zaka ziwiri ntchitoyi isanakwane, ogwira ntchitoyi adakhumudwa. Zoterezi sizikufuna kuthamanga, ndipo zenizeni ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi kuyerekezera pamakompyuta, malinga ndi momwe dongosololi liyenera kugwirira ntchito bwino.

Gulu la Takeshi Uchiamada, litayika chuma chamtengo wapatali cha anthu, ukadaulo komanso ndalama pantchito iyi, lidakakamizika kubwerera pomwe adayambira ndikuwunikanso njira yawo yonse. Mainjiniya amapinditsa manja awo ndikuwerengera usana ndi usiku, kusintha kwa mapangidwe, kukonzanso, kulemba mapulogalamu atsopano owongolera, ndi zinthu zina zosayamika kwa mwezi wathunthu. Pamapeto pake, khama lawo limalipidwa, koma chisangalalo chimakhala chaufupi - galimoto imayendetsa mamita makumi angapo, kenako imagwa kachiwiri.

Panthawiyo, Toyota anali kale chimphona cha magalimoto chokhala ndi chithunzi chokhazikitsidwa bwino chaopanga magalimoto apamwamba, ndipo kulephera kwa bizinesi yatsopano yotereyi zinali zosaganizirika pakampaniyo. Kuphatikiza apo, kuwonetsa kuthekera kwaukadaulo ndi mphamvu zachuma ndi gawo lofunikira pakupanga mapulojekiti a haibridi, ndipo otsatsa sangakwanitse kusiya ntchito yawo.

Kawirikawiri, lingaliro la chitukuko chosakanizidwa sichiri chofanana ndi mzimu wa Toyota, umene panthawiyo unkadziwika kwambiri chifukwa cha kusungirako zinthu kuposa kudzipereka kwatsopano. Mtundu wa kampaniyo wakhala ukutsogoleredwa ndi filosofi yapadera kwa zaka zambiri, kuphatikizapo kukhazikitsidwa kwa zitsanzo zotsimikiziridwa zopanga ndi malonda, kusintha kwawo, chitukuko ndi kusintha. Kuphatikizika kwa njirazi, kuphatikizidwa ndi mzimu wachikhalidwe cha ku Japan, mwambo ndi chilimbikitso, zimakwaniritsa njira zopangira chimphona cha pachilumbachi ndikuchipanga kukhala chizindikiro chakuchita bwino. Komabe, m'zaka zaposachedwa, oyang'anira Toyota apanga masomphenya atsopano amtsogolo mogwirizana ndi chidaliro chatsopano cha osewera padziko lonse lapansi omwe akufuna kukhala pamwamba pamakampani opanga magalimoto, ndipo kupanga mtundu wosakanizidwa kuyenera kukhala gawo loyamba lalikulu mu ntchito yofuna kumanga. avant-garde ndi mawonekedwe omasuka. Chilakolako cha kusintha chimakakamiza ndondomekoyi, yomwe imalemetsa luso la kampani kuti likule mpaka malire. Prius woyamba adabadwa pamavuto a tantalum, ndipo gulu lake lopanga zidakumana ndi zopinga zosayembekezereka, zovuta zodabwitsa, komanso zinsinsi zowawa zaukadaulo. Gawo lachitukuko ndi kapangidwe ndikuyesa kokwera mtengo, komwe kumatsagana ndi njira zambiri zolakwika komanso mayankho olondola a uinjiniya, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale ndalama zambiri nthawi, khama ndi ndalama.

Pamapeto pake, cholingacho chinakwaniritsidwa - wosakanizidwa wa avant-garde Prius adagwira ntchito yoyembekezeredwa ya zida zamalonda zomwe zinatha kusintha Toyota kukhala mpainiya wa teknoloji ndikuwononga chithunzi chodziletsa cha kampaniyo, ndikupanga aura yatsopano yapamwamba yozungulira. Kukula kwa m'badwo woyamba kudawonongera Toyota ndalama zokwana madola biliyoni imodzi, kuphatikiza kuthekera kwakukulu kwaukadaulo ndikuyesa kupirira, khama, mzimu ndi luso la onse omwe adagwira nawo ntchitoyo mwachindunji kapena mwanjira ina.

Ngakhale idayamba ngati "kuwombera mumdima," Prius sikungosintha kwamatekinoloje kwa Toyota. Njira yakapangidwe kake imasinthiratu mtundu wonse wamakampani, oyang'anira omwe sanapange zisankho zowopsa ngati izi. Popanda atsogoleri olimba ngati Hiroshi Okuda ndi Fujio Cho, wosakanizidwa mwina sangakhale chimphona chotchuka ku Japan. Bakha woyipa, wovutikira amakhala chiyambi cha zoyambira zonse, amalemba njira zomwe zingachitike mtsogolo mwa galimotoyo, ndipo m'badwo wachiwiri ukuyamba kubweretsa magawo azachuma, kugwera panthaka yachonde yamitengo yayikulu yamafuta. Mwachilengedwe, pambuyo poti awiriwa atchulidwa, kampani yoyendetsa ntchito ya Katsuaki Watanabe idagwiritsa ntchito mwaluso maziko omwe adayikidwapo kale, ndikuyika ukadaulo wosakanizidwa pamalo otsogola zaka zikubwerazi. Prius wachitatu tsopano ndi gawo limodzi la nzeru zatsopano za Toyota, mosakayikira ukadaulo wofunikira komanso msika pamsika wamagalimoto, ndipo wachinayi akhoza kuwoneka wosamvetseka chifukwa pali njira zina zokwanira, monga Auris Hybrid wamba. Pakadali pano, ndalama zazikulu zikuyang'ana pakupanga matekinoloje ndi njira zopangira kuti mbadwo wotsatira wa hybridi ukhale wotsika mtengo komanso wogwira ntchito, pogwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje atsopano a batri, zamagetsi zamagetsi amakono ndi magetsi ndizofunikira kwambiri pazachitukuko. Apa tiyesa kukambirana za kulimba mtima kwenikweni komwe kumawonetsedwa ndi omwe amapanga chilengedwe chapaderachi.

Maulosi

Amayendetsa mwakachetechete komanso modabwitsa galimoto. Amangoyang'ana ma hydrocarboni owotcha ndikudutsa injini za abale ake modzikuza. Kuthamangitsira pang'ono ndi kukhala chete zimasokonezedwa mwadzidzidzi ndi mawonekedwe osadziwika koma mawonekedwe a injini yamafuta. Monga ngati kuwonetsa kudalira kwaumunthu pamafuta amafuta, injini yoyaka yapakatikati modekha koma mosabisa imalengeza kupezeka kwake mu mtundu wamakono wosakanizidwa. Phokoso la galimoto yaying'ono yotchuka kwambiri ya pisitoni ndi yopanda tanthauzo, koma mawonekedwe ake akuwonetsa kuti mpainiya wosakanizidwa wopambana Prius akadalibe galimoto yamagetsi ndipo amakhalabe womangirizidwa ndi thanki yamafuta ...

Chisankhochi ndichachilengedwe. M'zaka makumi angapo zikubwerazi, galimoto yamagetsi imatha kulowa m'malo mwa injini yoyaka moto, koma pakadali pano, ukadaulo wa haibridi ndiye njira yabwino koposa yamagalimoto apamtunda komanso dizilo zikafika pamafuta ochepa. Njira ina yomwe imagwira ntchito imapangidwa mochuluka ndipo ili ndi mitengo yokwanira.

Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ntchito ya injini ya petulo mu chitsanzo cha ku Japan yachepetsedwa kwambiri, ndipo dongosolo lamagetsi limatenga nawo mbali pagalimoto, mwachindunji ndi m'njira zina, zomwe zimathandiza kupititsa patsogolo injini. M'zaka zaposachedwa, mainjiniya a Toyota ndi Lexus apanga lingaliro lawo loyambirira lophatikiza mikhalidwe yofananira ndi yosakanizidwa yotsatizana powonjezera zinthu zina (kuphatikiza m'badwo waposachedwa wamapaipi owonjezera) ndikuwongolera magwiridwe antchito amagetsi amagetsi, zamagetsi zamagetsi ndi zamagetsi. mabatire. Komabe, iwo anakhalabe oona ku mfundo ziwiri zaumisiri - kugwiritsa ntchito mapulaneti ogwirizanitsa mphamvu zamakina awiri amagetsi ndi injini yoyaka mkati ndi kusintha kwa magetsi kwa gawo la mphamvu ya injini yoyaka moto isanatumizidwe ku mawilo. . Kwa ambiri, lingaliro losakanizidwa la akatswiri a ku Japan likuwonekabe losangalatsa lero, koma mizu yake imabwerera kumbuyo. Chothandizira chenicheni cha Toyota chagona mu kulimba mtima kwa chisankho chopanga galimoto yosakanizidwa panthawi yomwe palibe amene amafunikira, pakugwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje amakono omwe amalola kuti njira ziziyendetsedwa mokwanira pogwiritsa ntchito ma algorithms anzeru ndi magetsi othamanga kwambiri. Komabe, njira yosavuta imeneyi imabisa ntchito yaikulu komanso yodzipereka ya mazana a mainjiniya odziwa bwino ntchito komanso kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri ndi luso lazopangapanga. Pokhala ndi malingaliro amtsogolo a R & D, kutanthauzira kwachidziwitso kwa malingaliro opambana omwe alipo, komanso zaka zambiri zachitukuko cha chitukuko chosakanizidwa, chimphona cha ku Japan chikupitiriza kukhala mkulu m'munda uno, mosasamala kanthu za zikhumbo za wina aliyense.

Masiku ano zikuwonekeratu kuti khalidwe lofunika kwambiri la Prius ndilogwirizana.

pakati pa zigawo zikuluzikulu za njira ya mphamvu, zomwe zimapezedwa pofunafuna ntchito yabwino kwambiri. Magawo amunthu payekha amalumikizidwa mu dongosolo logwirizana logwirizana, lowonetsedwa m'dzina la drive system - HSD (Hybrid Synergy Drive). Kale ndi chitukuko cha Prius I, akatswiri a Toyota anatha kuganiza zazikulu, kukankhira malire a osakaniza pakati injini kuyaka mkati ndi Motors magetsi anazindikira mpaka pano ndi kuzindikira ubwino wosinthika ntchito magetsi mu dongosolo Integrated. Mwa ichi iwo ali patsogolo pa anzawo, pogwiritsa ntchito njira zofananira zosakanizidwa ndi injini yamagetsi ya coaxially ndi injini yamafuta. Anthu aku Japan adapanga makina omwe magetsi sadutsa njira yoyambira "batri - mota yamagetsi - kufalitsa - mawilo" ndi mosemphanitsa, koma amalowa m'njira yovuta yomwe imaphatikizapo injini zoyaka moto, mphamvu zamakina zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga. kuyendetsa panopa mu nthawi yeniyeni. Chiwembu cha Toyota chimathandizira kupewa kufunikira kwa bokosi la gear lachikale, kusankha njira zabwino kwambiri zogwirira ntchito za injini yoyaka mkati chifukwa cholumikizana mwachindunji ndi mawilo oyendetsa, komanso njira yobwezeretsa mphamvu pakuyimitsa ndikuzimitsa. injini itayimitsidwa, monga gawo la lingaliro lalikulu la chuma chambiri.

Kutsatira kupambana kwa Toyota, makampani ena ambiri asunthiranso ku mitundu yophatikiza. Komabe, sizingatsutsidwe kuti pafupifupi mapulojekiti onse amangotengera njira yofananira yomwe singagwire bwino ntchito, chifukwa chake tanthauzo la nzeru za Toyota.

Ngakhale lero, kampaniyo ikutsatira kapangidwe kake koyambirira kamene kanapangidwa, koma chifukwa cha chowonadi tiyenera kunena kuti kupanga mitundu yayikulu ya Lexus kumafunikira chitukuko chofanana ndi cha Prius woyamba. Izi ndizowona makamaka pamtundu waposachedwa wamtundu wosakanizidwa wokhala ndimayendedwe anayi othamanga ndi magiya apulaneti. Prius iyomwe yasintha kwambiri m'badwo wachiwiri, wachitatu ndi wachinayi, kuphatikiza kuwonjezera kwa pulogalamu yolumikizira ndi mabatire a lithiamu-ion ngati gawo lina pakusintha kwa ukadaulo uwu. Pakadali pano, ma voliyumu m'dongosolo adakulirakulira, ma mota amagetsi adakulitsa magwiridwe antchito ndikuchepetsa mphamvu yawo, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti zisaphatikizepo zina mwazinthu pakupanga mapulaneti oyendetsa mapulaneti ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zoyendetsedwa. Kukula sikunayime konse ndipo mitundu yatsopano imayenda bwino ...

Pomaliza, ubwino waukulu wa Toyota chitsanzo si pa mbali luso - mphamvu ya Prius lagona mu uthenga kuti maganizo ake zovuta ndi kapangidwe exudes. Makasitomala ophatikizika amagalimoto akuyang'ana china chatsopano ndipo sakuyang'ana kuti apulumutse mafuta ndi mpweya, koma kuti azichita poyera ngati chiwonetsero cha momwe amawonera chilengedwe. "Prius yakhala yofanana ndi wosakanizidwa, chofunikira kwambiri chaukadaulo uwu," adatero wachiwiri kwa purezidenti wa kampaniyo. Honda John Mendel.

Pakadali pano, palibe chiyembekezo chotsimikizika kuti aliyense angatsutse maudindo a utsogoleri a Toyota ndi Lexus muukadaulo wosakanizidwa, ngakhale mpikisano ukukula. Kupambana kwakukulu kwamakampani masiku ano kumayendetsedwa ndi Prius-monga momwe pulezidenti wa Toyota USA Jim Press adanenapo, "Zaka zingapo zapitazo anthu adagula Prius chifukwa inali Toyota; lero anthu ambiri amagula Toyota chifukwa imapanga chitsanzo ngati Prius." Uku ndiko kuchita bwino kwambiri. Ma hybrids oyamba atafika pamsika mchaka cha 2000, anthu ambiri adangowayang'ana mokayikira, koma chifukwa chakukwera kwamitengo yamafuta, liwiro la Toyota komanso kutsogolera kolimba kunasintha mwachangu kuti zisinthe.

Komabe, pamene kulengedwa kwa chitsanzo cha Prius kumayamba, palibe amene akuyembekezera kuti zonsezi zichitike - oyambitsa polojekitiyi ndi akatswiri omwe akugwira nawo ntchitoyo alibe kanthu koma mapepala oyera ...

Kubadwa kwa nzeru

Pa Seputembara 28, 1998, ku Paris Motor Show, gulu la oyang'anira Toyota motsogozedwa ndi Wapampando Shoichiro Toyoda anali oti adzaulule Yaris, mtundu wawung'ono wa kampaniyo. Maonekedwe ake pamsika wa Old Continent akukonzekera 1999, ndipo mu 2001 kupanga kwake kuyenera kuyamba pa chomera chatsopano kumwera kwa France.

Ulaliki ukatha, mabwana akamakonzekera kuyankha mafunso, pamachitika chinthu chachilendo. M'malo mwake, chidwi chiyenera kuyang'ana pa Yaris, koma atolankhani, akufunsa mafunso awo, amatembenukira ku mtundu watsopano wa Toyota wosakanizidwa wotchedwa Prius. Aliyense ali ndi chidwi ndi ulaliki wake ku Europe, zomwe ziyenera kuchitika mu 2000. Chitsanzocho chinawonetsedwa koyamba mu 1997 ku Japan ndipo, chifukwa cha luso lake lodabwitsa komanso kutsika kwa mafuta, mwamsanga anakopa chidwi cha opanga magalimoto ndi atolankhani padziko lonse lapansi. Mu Julayi 1998, yemwe anali CEO wa Hiroshi Okuda adalengeza kuti mu 2000 Toyota iyamba kutumiza magalimoto pafupifupi 20 ku North America ndi Europe. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, chifukwa cha Prius, mawu akuti "Toyota ndi hybrid" tsopano akutchulidwa ngati mawu ofanana, ngakhale kuti panthawiyo palibe amene ankadziwa zomwe akunena. Ndi anthu ochepa okha omwe amadziwa kuti kampaniyo sinathe kokha kupanga luso lamakono lamakono, komanso - chifukwa cha kusowa kwa luso lamakono komanso luso lachitukuko la ogulitsa - kupanga ndi kupanga machitidwe ndi zinthu zambiri zapadera. Pamasamba ochepa, ndizovuta kubwerezanso kulimba mtima kowona komwe kukuwonetsedwa ndi anthu omwe ali ndi udindo komanso opanga Toyota, omwe adakwanitsa kusintha lingaliro kukhala chitsanzo choyenera kupanga misa.

Ntchito G21

Pofika 1990, chikominisi chinali chikugwa ndipo chuma cha demokalase yamafakitale chinali kukula. Apa ndipamene tcheyamani wa board of director of Toyota, Aggi Toyoda, adayambitsa zokambirana zamtopola mu kampaniyo. "Tipitilize kupanga magalimoto momwe timapangira tsopano?" Kodi tidzapulumuka m'zaka za m'ma XNUMX ngati chitukuko chathu chikupitilira momwemo?

Panthawiyo, cholinga cha opanga magalimoto chinali kupanga magalimoto akuluakulu komanso apamwamba, ndipo Toyota sinawonekere chimodzimodzi. Komabe, Toyoda, bambo yemwe, limodzi ndi mnzake Soichiro Honda, anali wotsogola pamakampani opanga magalimoto ku Japan pambuyo pa nkhondo, akuda nkhawa. “Kenako chidakhala cholinga chathu. Tsiku lina zinthu zidzasintha, ndipo ngati sititsogolera ntchito zathu zachitukuko m’njira yatsopano, tidzavutika ndi zotsatira za zimenezi m’zaka zikubwerazi.” Pa nthawi yomwe chofunika kwambiri ndi chiyembekezo chachifupi cha zitsanzo zamphamvu komanso zapamwamba, izi zikumveka ngati mpatuko. Komabe, Toyoda anapitirizabe kulalikira nzeru zake mpaka wachiwiri kwa pulezidenti woyang'anira mapangidwe ndi chitukuko cha zitsanzo zatsopano, Yoshiro Kimbara, adavomereza lingalirolo. Mu Seputembara 1993, adapanga G21, komiti yokonza kuti iphunzire masomphenya ndi malingaliro agalimoto yazaka za 1993. Nayi mfundo ina yosangalatsa: mu 3, oyang'anira Clinton ku United States adayambitsa njira yopangira galimoto yomwe imadya mafuta okwana malita 100 pa XNUMX km. Ngakhale dzina lolakalaka la New Generation Car Partnership (PNGV), lomwe limaphatikizapo opanga ma automaker aku America, zotsatira za zaka zingapo za ntchito ya mainjiniya zinali nkhokwe za mabiliyoni ambiri aku America opepuka komanso ma prototypes atatu osakanizidwa. Toyota ndi Honda sanaphatikizidwe pa ntchitoyi, koma izi zimawalimbikitsanso kuti apange matekinoloje awo kuti achepetse kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta ...

(kutsatira)

Zolemba: Georgy Kolev